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Pointing light at musculoskeletal and neurological conditions: clinical applications 123

Table 9.3 Range of motion (ROM).
Joint Osteokinematic Range of motion (degrees)
motion Millis and Cook et Mann et al. Jaegger Thomovsky et al. Jaeger et al.
Levine [365] al. [366] (under gen- et al. (Dachshunds) [364] (cats) [362]
eral anesthe- (Labradors)
sia) [363] [361]

Flexion 30–60 57 32
Shoulder
Extension 160–170 165 163
External
rotation 40–50
Internal rotation 40–50
Abduction 40–50 32
Adduction 40–50
Flexion 20–40 36 22
Elbow
Extension 160–170 165 163
Pronation 40–50
Radioulnar
Supination 80–90
Flexion 20–35 32 22
Carpus
Extension 190–200 196 198
Lateral (ulnar)
deviation 10–20 12 10
Medial (radial)
deviation 5–15 7 7
Flexion 55 46 50 50 33
Hip
Extension 160–165 164 162 155 164
External
rotation 50 50
Internal rotation 55 55
Abduction
(flexed hip and 120 118
90° stifle)
Adduction
(flexed hip and 63 64
stifle at 90°)
Flexion 45 28 42 50 24
Stifle
Extension 160–170 172 162 160 164
Flexion 40 40 39 40 21
Tarsus
Extension 170 175 164 167 167

2
of the antebrachium, and others will stay closer to your total energy, decreasing the J/cm . If you want
the elbow joint. Whatever area you decide to work to include other areas, treat them separately and
on at the beginning of a session, stick to it. Treating with their own dose.
other areas within the same program will disperse • How effectively are you delivering the energy?

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