Page 11 - MODUL

competences such as what Celce-Murcia (2007), Canale (1983), Canale & Swain
(1980), and Hymes (1967, 1972) are proposed in ―communicative competence‖.

The related analysis of communicative competence is found in Canale and
Swain‘s view in which four dimensions of communicative competence are

identified; ―grammatical competence, sociolinguistic competence, sociolinguistic

competence, strategic competence, and discourse competence‖ (Celce-Murcia,
2007: 40).

In the mid-nineties Celce-Murcia et al (2007: 42) proposed that ―actional
competence (the ability to comprehend and produce all significant speech acts and

speech act sets) should also be part of communicative competence‖. They made
two changes in terminology: the Canale-Swain model: (1) that sociolinguistic

competence be modified to sociocultural competence and (2) that grammatical

competence be re-labeled as linguistic competence to explicitly include the sound
system, lexicon, and grammar. This historical development of the components

included in the various models of communicative competence is summarized in

Figure 1.

Chomsky Hymes Canale&Swain Canale Celcia-Murcia
(1957,1965) (1967,1972) (1980) (1983) (1995)

Linguistic Linguistic Grammatical Grammatical Grammatical
Competence Competence Competence Competence Competence

Sociolinguistic Strategic Strategic Strategic
Competence Competence Competence Competence

Sociolinguistic Sociolinguistic Sociolinguistic
Competence Competence Competence

Discourse Actional
Competence Competence

Discourse
Competence

Figure 1. Evolution of Communicative Competences (Celce-Murcia, 2007)

In 1995 model, Celce-Murcia made a pyramid enclosing to circle,

surrounded by another circle. The circle inside formed the pyramid which is

discourse competence as the core or central competence. The three competences

7