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communicative language teaching, genre-based instruction, intercultural language
learning, and highlight of teaching writing skills in higher education.

1. Language Learning
All language instructional designs for the teaching of a second or foreign

language see a number of sources for the principles and practices they advocate.

For example, they particularly make explicit or implicit use of a theory of
language and a theory of learning, and then theory of language learning. A theory

of language is an account of what the essential components of language are and
what proficiency or competence in a language entails. A theory of learning is seen

as an account of a psycholinguistic, cognitive and social processes involved in
learning a language and the conditions that need to be present for those processes

to be activated (Richards, 2015: 58).

Any approach to language teaching always refers to be firmly based on the
nature of second language learning. Every language classroom activity, the

English teachers make the knowledge and assumptions about how the language

learners are able to learn and how the English teachers make use of the knowledge
in teaching. Language learning theories enacted on learning theory from other

fields such as psychology and cognitive science, as well as from the research
finding of second language research. This is the same tone what Brown‘

explanation in issues on second language learning is. Richards (2015: 31) said that
―no single theory of learning can account for the learning of something as

complex as language, since learning a second language involves many different

dimensions of knowledge and behavior‖.
Johnson (2001: 38) said that ―learning a language is like learning any other

habits, you don‘t have to think about it, it just develops automatically‖. The
different view of learning a language is generally derived from theories of

learning. Then, theories of learning give effect in theories of language learning.
Richards (2015: 32) deciphered that theories of second language learning have

been applied in different ways in language teaching. These are (1) behaviorism,

(2) learning as cognitive process, (3) skill and performance-based learning, (4)
learning through interaction, and (5) learning strategies.

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