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Grammar review





                 Making deductions with must, might, can’t                                               Unit 10

                       We can use must, might and can’t for deduction.  As always, these modal verbs are followed by
                       the base form of the verb.
                       Danny has three cars. He must be rich.
                       Clare’s late for the meeting. She might have missed the bus.
                       You’ve just had dinner. You can’t want more food.

                 Causative have                                                                          Unit 10


                       Causative have has the following structure:
                       have + object + past participle.
                       We use causative have to say that we arrange for somebody else to do something for us.
                       It can be considered a passive construction.
                       I have had my car repaired.
                       Are you having your hair cut?


                 want / ask / tell someone to do something                                               Unit 11

                       Want followed by a clause has the following structure:
                       subject          + verb     + object                   + infinitive
                       I                want       him                        to come.

                       Tell and ask have the same structure when they express a request or an order. In the negative
                       not precedes the infinitive.

                       subject          + verb     + object                   + infinitive
                       He               told       us             (not)       to wait.
                       He               asked      me             (not)       to go.




                 Reported speech                                                                Units 11 and 12

                       Reported speech is a construction used to relate someone’s opinion, message or statement,
                       without necessarily using the speaker’s exact words. Reported speech is usually introduced by
                       the verbs say and tell. Say / said can be followed by that but not by an object pronoun or noun.
                       He said (that) he was hungry.
                       Tell / told can be followed by that and is always followed by an object pronoun or noun.
                       He told me (that) he was hungry.            She told the class (that) they were noisy.

                       In reported speech tenses change as follows:
                       Present simple › Past simple
                       ‘I like going shopping.’  =  She said that she liked going shopping.

                       Present continuous › Past continuous
                       ‘We are going home.’  =  They told us that they were going home.

                       Am / are / is going to › was / were going to
                       ‘We are going to see a film.’ = They said they were going to see a film.






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