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Present perfect + ever / never                                                   Units 1 and 2

                       The Present perfect can be used with ever in an interrogative clause and with never in a
                       negative clause:
                       Have you ever been to Paris?
                       She has never met my family.


                 Present perfect vs. Past simple                                                          Unit 3

                       The Present perfect is used for past actions where the time is not specified, while the Past simple
                       is used for actions that occurred in a past period of time which is now over:
                       They’ve moved to France. (They don’t live in Italy now).
                       They lived in Italy. (They live in France now).

                 be going to vs. will                                                                     Unit 3


                       Be going to (present of be + going to + base form of verb) expresses future intention:
                       She’s going to help you.
                       What are you going to do? I’m going to stay in town.
                       It can also describe certainty about an event taking place in the future:
                       It’s going to rain.

                       Will is used to express expectation, hope or prediction of a future event. The construction follows
                       the pattern: subject + will (’ll) + base form of verb:
                       I think she will (she’ll) come with us.

                       Will can also be used to express an immediate decision, a promise or an offer. In this case it is
                       usually contracted to ’ll:
                       I’ll do it.
                       I’ll help you.

                       The negative form is will + not (contraction: won’t).
                       She won’t be here next week.
                       In the interrogative form will comes before the subject:
                       Will he come back?


                 would                                                                                    Unit 3

                       Would is used to form the conditional tense of a verb:
                       If you won the lottery, what would you do? (second conditional)
                       It is also used to:
                       • invite someone to do something:
                       Would you like to come to the cinema?
                       • offer someone something:
                       Would you like some tea?













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