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b) Leukemia

c) Lymphomas
d) Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)

e) Hemophilia

3.1 Polycythemia

Polycythemia is a blood disease in which the body makes too many red blood cells. The
extra red blood cells make your blood thicker than normal. As a result, blood clots can

form more easily. These clots can block blood flow through your arteries and veins,

which can cause a heart attack or stroke. Polycythaemia may arise as a primary
condition or as a compensatory mechanism to chronic oxygen lack.

a) Primary Polycythemia: Polycythemia Vera (PV) also is known as primary

polycythemia. A mutation, or change, in the body's JAK2 gene is the main cause
of PV.

b) Secondary Polycythemia: Long-term exposure to low oxygen levels causes
secondary polycythemia. People who have severe heart or lung disease may
develop secondary polycythemia. People who smoke, spend long hours at high
altitudes, or are exposed to high levels of carbon monoxide where they work or
live also are at risk.

3.2 Leukemia

Leukemia is a cancer of the white blood cells; the word leukemia comes from the Greek
and means "white blood"

As there are various types of bone marrow cells, various types of leukemia can

develop each requiring different treatments. The main types of leukemia are as
follows:

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