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Intracranial forces :
-Temporal lobe agenesis: narrow cranium
-Cerebellar agenesis: small posterior fossa
-Dandy walker malformation: bowing of occiput
-Large lateral ventricles: bowing of the forehead
Extracranial forces :
-Bicornuate uterus: premature closure of fontanelles.
-Moulding (due to prolonged vaginal delivery): affect skull shape but closure
of cranial sutures is unaffected.
-Premature infants' → transient scaphocephaly due to poor mineralization of
skull → the shape of skull becomes normal after maturity.
-Hypotonia → plagiocephaly or occipital flattening, abnormal head shape is
often persistent may be prevented by frequent changing the infants laying
position .
-Causes of macrocephaly.
-Causes of microcephaly.
-Craniosynostosis.
Microcephaly
