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Anencephaly :

Defective closure of the anterior neuropore: defect in skull , meninges

and scalp with rudimentary brain withor without congental heart disease

or polyhydramnios

Management : Symptomatic

Encephhalocele :

Protrusion of cortex and meninges through a midline defect in the skull

covered by skin

Usually occipital but may be frontal

Diagnosed by brain MRI

Management : immediate surgery .

-Defective prosecephalization :

Agenesis of corpus callosum :

Solitary agenesis: usually clinically unapparent

Mental retardation and learning disabilities occur in most of cases

Diagnosed by brain CT ,MRI

Management : Symptomatic

Holoprosencephaly :

Defect in cleavage of the embryonic forebrain → spectrum of

malformations .

Single ventricle , absent falx cerebri and fused basal ganglia

May be associated with craniofacial dysplasia , facial deformities and

their severity is often predictive of the severity of brain malformation

Diagnosed by brain MRI

Management : measures to extend life are inappropriate