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-Defective cellular migration :
X linked dominant
Failure of neurons to form the superficial layers of the brain → complete
absence of gyri ( lissencephaly ) .
May affect cerebral cortex , cerebellum and brainstem
Manifested clinically by developemental delay or intractable myoclonic
seizures
Diagnosed by brain MRI ( agyria )
Management : Symptomatic specially for seizures
Secondary Microcephaly
Intrauterine disorders :
Congenital infections : CMV , Rubella , toxoplasmosis
Drugs, fetal alcohol .
Perinatal brain injuries:
Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
Intracranial hemorrhage
Meningitis & encephalitis
Postnatal systemic disease :
Chronic renal disease & Malnutrition
