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as editor of the reformist Jounal al Manar which made him di-
rect access to ‘Abduh’s works, and he performed a important
task in developing modernist thinking. In addition, another two
leading radical Islamis thinkers of the modern era were Sayyid
Abul A1a Mawdudi (1903 1979) and Sayyid Qutb (1906 1966).
th
The first was belong to the 20 century radical Islamic thinker,
who his writings have helped to crystallize approaches by mil-
lions of Muslims to the issue of how to apply Islamic thinking
in the modern world. While, Sayyid Qutb is considered as the
main ideologue of modern Muslim Sunni Fundamentalism.
In principle, all of those Middle Eastern Muslim thinkers
produced a reform movement which came to be called Mod-
ernism, with its center in Cairo. Modernism had dual impetus.
On one hand, it wanted to break free of the domination of the
four medieval schools of law and to return to the original sources
of Islam: the Qur’an and the Haditsh or Sunnah, the traditions of
the Prophet’s life. These should be the basis of the Law (shari’ah)
and doctrine. The four Orthodox schools had arisen through a
process of reasoning (Ijtihad) by learned scholars who had arri-
ved at consensus (ijma’) concerning the interpretation of the
sources of law. Ijma’ had led to the establishment of the four
schools of law. Modernist said that that ijma’ could not close
the great reasoning (bab al ijtihad) and that new circumstance
called for reinvestigation of the eternal truths of the Qur’an
and Haditsh. Therefore, Islam should be purified of all the ille-
gal innovations (bid’a). Thus, the first impetus was scripturalist,
fundamentalist, and in spirit puritanical. The second impetus
was what justified the term Modernism. Scripturalist, funda-
mentalist, generally opposed to medieval elaborations of doc-
trine and open to advances of sciences, while Modernism was a
combination of the progressive and the conservative. 31
All of those thinkers were very influential to the birth of

31 Ricklefs, (2001), Ibid. pp. 217.

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