Page 408 - Ranah Studi Agraria: Penguasaan Tanah dan Hubungan Agraris

Agrarian and Nonagrarian Bases ...

available to finance further concentration of landed property
are increasing. On the one hand wealthy households have many
other avenues for profitable investment’ and many demands
for nonproductive expenditure, which compete with the al-

ternative of land acquisition. On the other hand, the many
smaller owners whose agricultural incomes do not provide
reproduction at minimal levels (cf. Table 7.11) are able by
participating in a variety of low-return nonfarm activities both
inside and outside the village to achieve subsistence incomes
without the distress sale of their sublivelihood’ plots. These
patterns, which are certainly not unique to Java, call for inter-
pretations of agrarian differentiation processes under condi-
tions of commoditization and productivity growth which place
the phenomenon of ‘part-time’ farming and farm labor at all
levels of the agrarian structure in more central focus.

H. Notes

I) Limitations of space prevent us from discussing these
problems in comparability, which are described in detail in a
longer version of this paper “Agrarian Changes in Nine Java-
nese Villages. 1971-1981,” available from the authors The base-
line data for ‘1971’ were obtained from two sources. The first
comprised sample surveys of thirty farm households in each
village from Round 5 of the Agro Economic Survey’s ‘Rice
Intensification Study,’ covering wet season 1970- 1971 and
dry season 1971. These samples are somewhat upwardly bi-
ased with respect to farm size due to the purposive inclusion
of five ‘large farmers’ in the sample. The second source com-
prised a partial agricultural census conducted at the end of

339