Page 405 - Ranah Studi Agraria: Penguasaan Tanah dan Hubungan Agraris

Ranah Studi Agraria

with ‘smallholder cultivation’ (by the landowners), has in prac-
tice resulted in a new form of rent; land assigned to sugarcane
is made over to landowner groups whose leaders organize its
cultivation using wage labor, and the net income from sales is

divided among the landowners who may have had no direct
role in its cultivation. Only in three villages are large amounts
of income derived from rural small industries employing wage
labor: brick and rooftile enterprises in Sentul, kerupuk manu-
facture in Janti, and commercial rice mills in Rowosari, with a
smaller contribution from blacksmithing industries in Geneng
which produce small agricultural tools, knives, and vehicle
springs. Trade figures prominently only in Jatisari (mainly
vegetables and paddy) and Rowosari (paddy and fish); paddy
traders in these villages in 1981 specialized in low-price pur-
chasing from farmers unable to reach the minimum moisture
content stipulated for guaranteed-price purchase by the co-
operatives, to be resold to the cooperatives without further
processing through close relations with cooperative officials
willing to ignore the regulations.
In Kebanggan, Wanarata, and Janti many members of the
large landowning households have secure salaried positions
as school teachers. In Wanarata, a large proportion of their

nonfarm incomes derive from the hire of vehicles. We should
also mention—although the limitations of questionnaire in-
terviews mean that it does not figure in our quantitative data
on incomes—that many large landowners also derive income
from usury, a major source of loans for the large proportions
of households in all villages (especially in the small-farm and
landless groups) who reported informal-sector debts; about

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