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Chapter 18

Bennis – transformational leadership

Bennis argued that there were two types of leaders:

 transactional leaders – see the relationship with their followers in terms of a
trade: they give followers the rewards they want in exchange for a service,
loyalty and compliance.

 transformational leaders – see their role as inspiring and motivating others to
work at levels beyond mere compliance. Only transformational leadership is
said to be able to change team/organisational cultures and move them in a new
direction.

Kotter – managing change

Kotter set out the following change approaches to deal with resistance:

Participation and Education and Facilitation and
involvement communication support

Manipulation and Negotiation and

co-operation agreement

Heifetz – leadership to motivate

Heifetz argues that the main role of managers is to help people to face reality and
mobilise them to make changes where necessary. A true leader does not
necessarily have all the answers – instead they encourage people to tackle tough
challenges themselves.

In addition, Heifetz suggested that anyone within an organisation may provide some
degree of leadership in certain circumstances. This means that leaders may
sometimes simply emerge, rather than being formally appointed.

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