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phrase: a group of words that go together; not a complete proper noun: a noun that names a specific person, place, or
sentence (i.e., does not have both a subject and a verb). thing.
> He lives near the train station. > Maggie lives in a town near Dallas.

plural noun: the form of a noun that indicates more than punctuation: a mark that makes ideas in writing clear.
one person, place, or thing. Common punctuation marks include the comma (,),
> He put three boxes on the table. period (.), exclamation point (!), and question mark (?).
> Argentina and Mexico are countries. > John plays soccer, but | don’t.
= She’s from Japan.
possessive adjective: an adjective that shows ownership or
> That's amazing!
a relationship: my, your, his, her, its, our, their.
> Where are you from?
= My car is green.
> Your keys are on the table. quantifier: a word used to describe the amount of a noun.
=> We need some potatoes for the recipe.
possessive noun: a noun that shows ownership or a
> usually put alittle milk in my coffee.
relationship. To make most singular nouns possessive, use
an apostrophe (’) + -s. To make plural nouns possessive, add
a
question mark: a punctuation mark used at the end of
an apostrophe.
question.
> Leo’s apartment is large.
> Are you a student?
> The girls’ books are on the table.
regular: a noun, verb, adjective, or adverb that changes
possessive pronoun: a pronoun that shows ownership or form according to standard rules.
a relationship: mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs. Possessive
> apple— apples
pronouns are used in place of a possessive adjective + noun.
> talk—> talked/talking
= My sister's eyes are blue. Mine are brown. What color
> small— smaller
are yours?
> slow—> slowly
preposition: a word that describes the relationships
reported speech: part of a sentence (a noun clause or
between nouns; prepositions show space, time, direction,
infinitive phrase) that reports what someone has said.
cause, and effect. Often they occur together with certain
verbs or adjectives. > They said they would be late.
> | live on Center Street. > They told us not to wait.
at
> Weleft noon.
sentence: a thought that is expressed in words, usually with
> I’mworried about the test.
a subject and verb. A sentence begins with a capital letter and
ends with a period, exclamation point, or question mark.
present continuous: (See present progressive.)
> The bell rang loudly.
present perfect: a verb form that connects the past to the > Don't eat that!
present.
separable phrasal verb: a phrasal verb that can have
> Julia has lived in London for 10 years.
a noun ora pronoun (object) between its two parts
> Monika has broken the world record.
(verb + particle).
> Zack and Dan have never been to Germany.
> Turn the light off.
> Turn off the light.
present perfect progressive: a verb form used for ongoing
actions that began in the past and continue up to the present.
short answer: a common spoken answer to a question that
> You've been working too hard.
is not always a complete sentence.
present progressive: (also called present continuous) a verb = A: Did you do the homework?
form used to talk about an action or event that is in progress > B: Yes, 1 did./No, | didn’t.
at the moment of speaking; the form can also refer to a > A: Where are you going?
planned event in the future.
> B:To the store.
> That car is speeding.
> lam taking three classes this semester. simple past: a verb form used to talk about completed
actions.
=> Weare eating at that new restaurant Friday night.
> Last night we ate dinner at home.
pronoun: a word that takes the place of a noun or refers to > Ivisited my parents last weekend.
a noun.
> The teacher is sick today. He has a cold.
GLOSSARY OF GRAMMAR TERMS G4
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