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SECTION 1: MUSIC HISTORY AND THEORY (cont’d)

(iii) continuo (harpsichord) present, almost always accompanying string
instruments;

(iv) abundance of polyphony, often dense musical textures; and,

(v) occasional use of brass and timpani.

(c) Renaissance

(i) foreign text (Italian/Latin);

(ii) inclusion of stringed instruments, harpsichord;

(iii) monody, single melodic line with choral accompaniment;

(iv) solo and choral singing, unaccompanied and accompanied; and,

(v) stringed accompaniment without vibrato, both modal and pre-tonal harmony.

(d) Classical

(i) simplification of ornamentation (simple turns);

(ii) tonality 'simplified'; lesser dense textures;

(iii) often symmetrical phrasing; clearly stated incomplete and complete
cadences;

(iv) non-English text if vocal; and,

(v) harpsichord.

(e) Romantic

(i) lush, full stringed section in orchestra;

(ii) thicker harmonic texture; expanded harmonic vocabulary;

(iii) expressive use of voice, accompanied by piano or orchestra; and,

(iv) establishment of instrumental music as primary mode of music performance.

CXC 31/G/SYLL 17 11