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Eur Spine J (2009) 18:1202–1212                                                                1207

           Fig. 3 Histology observation of
           laminectomy site in FAM (a),
           CAM (b), non-treatment (c),
           and AFF groups (d) by H&E
           staining at 6 weeks
           postoperatively (9100; CAM
           cross-linked amniotic
           membrane, FAM freeze–dried
           amniotic membrane, EF
           epidural fibrosis, DM dura
           mater, NC neural cord, FT fat
           tissue, NB newly formed bone)
















































           Quantitative histology evaluation                  number of FAM group increased steeply with 1,638 ± 46
                                                                                  2
                                                              and 1,720 ± 46 per mm at 6 and 12 weeks, respectively.
           Amount of fibroblasts                               There was no significant difference between FAM and non-
                                                              treatment groups after 6 weeks (P [ 0.05). The AFF group
           The number of fibroblasts showed no significant difference  consistently showed a small number of fibroblasts during
           in FAM, CAM, and non-treatment groups at 1 week post-  the whole experiment period (Table 3).
           operatively. These groups all demonstrated higher amount
           of fibroblasts in comparison with AFF group. Then, the  Extent of epidural scar
           fibroblasts number of CAM group remained steady with
                                        2
           833 ± 42 and 879 ± 58 per mm at 6 and 12 weeks,    At 1 week postoperatively, the scar indexes showed no
           respectively, which were significantly lower than those of  significant difference among FAM, CAM, and AFF groups,
           non-treatment group (P \ 0.05). In contrast, the fibroblasts  which were significantly lower than that of non-treatment


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