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                                                               In 2017, a lIttle-known rapper named Supa dupa Humble releaSed
                                                               his song “Steppin’” to a muted response. He moved on to other projects,
                                                               but a year and a half later, he noticed a surge in the song’s view count on You-
                                                               Tube. As he scrolled through the comments, he kept seeing one word over and
                                                               over again: “Who came here from TikTok?” “TikTok brought me here.” “Greet-
                                                               ings from TikTok but this song is fire.”
                                                                   “I’m like, What is TikTok?” the rapper, who is 27 and lives in Brooklyn, recalls.
                                                                   Some quick research led him to the app TikTok, which he promptly down-
                                                               loaded and began to explore. The app allows users to post short videos of them-
                                                               selves lip- synching to music, doing makeup tutorials, performing synchronized
                                                               dances or acting out comedic skits. There he found that people were creating
                                                               skits lip-synching to the first 15 seconds of his song.
                                                                   As he kept coming back to the app, the number of videos kept ballooning: his
                                                               music had formed the soundtrack to a viral meme. And as TikTok users tried to
                                                               find the song in its entirety, his numbers on Spotify and other streaming plat-
                                                                                                                       forms were shooting up too.
                                                                                                                          “I was so hype,” he says.
                                                                                                                       “It was unbelievable.”
                                                                                                                          TikTok is the      latest
                                                                                                                       breakout platform to house
                                                                                                                       these types of short-form
                                                                                                                       videos, following Vine,
                                                                                                                       which shut down in early
                                                                                                                       2017, Dubsmash and Tik-
                                                                                                                       Tok’s previous iteration
                                                                                                                       Musical.ly. In November
                                                                                                                       2017, the $75 billion Chi-
                                                                                                                       nese media company Byte-
                                                                                                                       Dance bought Musical.ly
                                                                                                                       with the intent of folding
                                                                                                                       its 60 million users in the
                                                                                                                       U.S. and Europe into its
                                                                                                                       own successful video app,
                                             TikTok (known as Douyin in China). Its new global TikTok app took off in 2018, rising to the
                                             top of Apple’s App Store and racking up a record 3.8 million first-time downloads in October.
                                             Teenagers in particular drove its success in the U.S., and its most popular videos began to spill
                                             onto other platforms like Twitter, YouTube and Instagram. While some users view it as another
                                             silly online diversion, it does for artists like Supa Dupa Humble what other online platforms
                                             have done in recent years: allow them to get their music in front of potential fans while bypass-
                                             ing the traditional gatekeepers.
                                                “TikTok empowers artists by being an avenue for visual output and creativity,” Mary Rah-
                                             mani, TikTok’s director of music content and artist relations, said in an email. “We offer a plat-
                                             form that is creative, collaborative, global and unique.”
                                                Its ascension, however, comes at a fraught moment for the music industry, in which streaming
                                             revenue has surpassed physical sales but overall revenue remains soft, in large part because of how
                                             much music is available free online. Most musicians must rely on touring, merchandise and even
                                             side hustles to make a  living, and the meager revenue generated by streaming has contributed to
                                             an on going battle over how much artists should be paid across different platforms.
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