Page 107 - Complete IELTS Bands 5 - 6.5

Unit 6
Verbs+ infinitive and verbs+ -ing Relative clauses and relative pronouns

• verb+ infinitive There are two types of relative clause:
(They agreed to install a wind turbine.) 1 Defining relative clauses
agree appear bother choose decide demand
These say which person or thing is being talked about.
fail hope learn manage offer plan refuse seem
They give essential information:
• verb + infinitive OR verb + somebody/something +
The school which I went to had more than 7, 000 pupils.
infinitive
(She asked to see the plans. She asked them to show The relative clause says which school is being talked
her the plans.) about.
ask choose expect help intend want
2 Non-defining relative clauses
• verb+ somebody/something+ infinitive
These give extra information, but do not say which
(They have advised the government to invest in person or thing is being talked about because we
renewable energy) already know:
advise allow enable encourage forbid force 1nv1te
order permit persuade recommend remind teach Leeds University, which was founded in 1904, has an
tell excellent reputation.
We know which university is being talked about. The
• verb+ -ing
relative clause just adds extra information.
(She admitted breaking the window.)
admit appreciate avoid celebrate consider delay Differences between defining and non-defining relative
deny dislike enjoy finish imagine keep clauses:
mind miss postpone practise risk suggest
Defining relative clauses: Non-de fining relative
• The verb + -ing is also used after these expressions: clauses
• do not use commas:
spend/waste time, it's no good, it's not worth, it's no use: The village where I live • use c ommas:
only has one shop. Nag wa Mohamed, who
He spends his free time shopping for clothes.
• can use that instead of spok e at the meeting,
• Some verbs are followed by either an infinitive or a verb who or which: is the new head of the
+ -ing with the same meaning: The school that I went depa rtment.
to had more than 1,000 • cann ot use that instead
love* begin continue hate* prefer* like* start pupils. of w ho or which.
/love playing tennis. • can omit who, which or • cann ot omit the relative
/love to play tennis. that when they are the pron oun (who or
object of the verb: whic h).
* When these verbs are used with would, they are always
The school I went to had
followed by the infinitive:
more than 1,000 pupils.
I wouldn't like to work in a factory
I'd prefer to buy it online than go to a shop.
• Some verbs followed by either an infinitive or a verb +
-ing with a difference in meaning:

verb + infinitive verb+ -ing
remember You must remember to write your name I remember going to school for the first
at the top of the page. (an action you time. (a memory of something in the
have to do) past)
stop He stopped to answer the phone. (He He stopped speaking. (He stopped the
stopped something he was doing in order activity he was doing.)
to answer the phone.)
try Sire's trying to improve her vocabulary, She has tried learning word lists as
so she's reading a lot. (Her objective is to a way of improving her vocabulary.
improve her vocabulary.) (Learning word lists is a method to reach
her objective.)
Language reference @