Page 103 - Complete IELTS Bands 5 - 6.5

Adding suffixes
noun -+ adjective
suffix noun adjective Doubling consonants
-y wealth wealthy • Double the final consonant:
- when you add -ed, - ing, -er or -est to a one-syllable
-ful harm harmful
word which ends in a consonant-vowel-consonant:
-ous nutrition nutritious
shop - shopper, big - bigger
-less care careless
- in verbs of two or more syllables which end in
-al nature natural consonant-vowel-consonant and the final syllable
is stressed:
noun-+ verb oc'cur - occurrence, for'get- forgetting, ad' mit-
suffix noun verb admitted (but 'happened, de'veloping)
- in words which end in I after one vowel in British
-ify class classify
English (in American English they may not double):
- isej- ize critic criticise/criticize travel- traveller, cancel - cancellation
• Final -w. -x and -yare never doubled:
adjective -+ verb
slower, relaxed, buyer
suffix adjective verb
• Don't double the final consonant when:
- ify simple simplify
- there are two final consonants:
depend - depending
verb -+ adjective
- there are two vowels before the final consonant:
suffix verb adjective
disappear - disappearance
-ed educate educated
- the verb ends in a vowel:
- ing care caring share - shared
- ablej-ible notice noticeable - the stress is not on the final syllable:
respond responsible open - opening
li
II adjective -+ adverb y-+ iand i-+ y
II Adverbs are almost always formed by adding -ly. If • For words ending in -y after a consonant, they becomes
i when a suffix is added (except -ing - see below):
the adjective ends in -ic, you change it to an adverb by
II adding -ally happy - happiness, try- tries, family - familiar,
rely - reliance
suffix adjective adverb
II • Note this exception:
- lyj- ally simple simply
day- daily
organic organically
• -ing: i becomes y with - ing; y does not change:
lie - lying, study- studying, try - trying
I! Spelling rules for adding prefixes and suffixes
When to drop the final -e
Adding prefixes
II • The final -e is dropped if there is a consonant before it
When a prefix is added, the spelling does not change, e.g.
and the suffix begins with a vowel ( - er, -ed, - ing, -ance,
I' appoint- disappoint, satisfied- dissatisfied, like - unlike,
-ation, etc.):
necessary - unnecessary.
[1 amaze - amazing, fame - famous
Notes:
• The final -e is not dropped when the suffix begins with
The prefix in- is not used in front of certain letters: a consonant:
• Before words beginning with r-, use ir-: safe - safety, arrange - arrangement
irrelevant (exception: argue- argument)
• Before words beginning with m- or p-, use im-: Adding -ly to form adverbs
immature, impatient
Adjectives ending in - I end in -lly when the adverb is
• Before words beginning with 1- use i/-: formed:
illogical, illiterate beautiful - beautifully, magical - magically
"'

Language reference @
ll
l__