Page 138 - Maukon
P. 138

412
        csKyfudk
                                                             trSefyif
             pyfvsOf;vdkY
                                                    tBuHjyKygw,f}}
                                                                                       awGUjrifae&ygw,f/
                               wDxGifaqmif&Gufr,fh
             tmPmr&Sd?
                                                                                                atmufvTwfawmfESpf&yfudk


             MoZm&SdwJh
        tkyfcsKyfrItBuD;tuJtjzpf
                                                             avsmfuefoifhjrwfw,fvdkY
                                                                                                'DaeYwdkif
                                                                                       uRefawmfwdkYEdkifiHeJY
   &Sif;&Sif;pmay
        xm;&Sdygw,f/

                               or®wOD;aqmiftkyfcsKyfwJhpepfudk
                                                             ,HkMunfwmaMumifh
                                                                                                xm;&SdaeqJjzpfygw,f/
                                                                                       odyfrvSrf;ra0;vSwJh
                               tpysKd;







                                                             Oya'jyKvTwfawmfrsm;wGif
                                                                cJhwJh trsKd;om;wyfrawmfu wyfrawmfom;awGudk xdkufoifhwJh tcsdK;usyg0ifapjcif;[m
                            EdkifiHawmfudk zGJUpnf;wnfaqmuf&mrSmvnf; NAdwdoQu pnf;vHk;nDnGwfwJh bk&ifhEdkifiH
                                                                      qdk;u uif;a0;atmif vdr®yg;eyfpgm umuG,fMum&r,fh tcsdefumvvnf; jzpfygw,f/
                                                                   'gaMumifh EdkifiHawmftusdK;jyKr,fh Oya'jyKvTwfawmfrSm EdkifiHawmftusKd; tpOfo,fydk;vm
                               usifhoHk;cJhygw,f/
                                                 ]]0efBuD;csKyf OD;aqmiftkyfcsKyfwJhpepfudk NAdwdefEdkifiHu ESpfy&dapä' ajrmufjrm;pGm
                                                                                                            awGU&Sd&ygw,f/ aemifrSm xGef;um;vmwJh a&mrtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrSmvnf; qD;edwfrSm
                                                                                                         ppfonfawmftrsm;tjym; yg&SdcJhonfudk awGU&jyefygw,f/ acwfopf tajccHOya'eJY
                                        ydkifydkiffEdkifEdkif usifhoHk;Edkifonftxd tawGUtBuHK&ifhusufNyD;jzpfwJh NAdwdoQ vlrsdK;rsm;eJY
                                     pwifwnfaqmufcJhwJh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk[m od&Sdem;vnf uRrf;usifNyD;jzpfwJh
                                  0efBuD;csKyf OD;aqmiftkyfcsKyfwJhpepfudk vufcHusifhoHk;jcif; tvsOf;rjyKbJ topftqef;
                                                          wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfu trnfpm&if; wifoGif;aom wyfrawmfom; vTwf
                                              tqufrjywf usifhoHk;vsuf&Sdayr,fh wpfcsdefwpfcgu NAdwdoQvufatmufcH udkvdkeD
                                                                                                      tkyfcsKyfwJh tpdk;&tzGJUrsm;&JU vrf;aMumif;udk OD;aqmifcJhw,fvdkYqdkwJh NAdwdoQygvDrefppfrSm
                                                       awmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm; tcsKd;us yg0ifzGJUpnf;&ef[laom tajccHrlrsm; csrSwfoifhaMumif;
                                           jzpfcJh½HkrQru 0efBuD;csKyf OD;aqmiftkyfcsKyfwJhpepfudk aemausatmif od&Sdem;vnfNyD;
                                                                                                                 wuúodkvfjrwfol
                                                                                  twnfjyKcsufeJY vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,fae&m 100 rSm wyfrawmfudk,fpm;vS,frsm;ygNyD;
                (Hedad of Executive) wdkYudkvnf; NAdwdoQwdkYu wpfOD;pD cGJjcm;xm;&SdNyD; tkyfcsKyfrIeJY
                                                                                    EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHrSmqdk&if vTwfawmfudk,fpm;vS,f 500 teuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&JU
                      States of America) vdkY trnfoHk;NyD; jynfaxmifpkpepfeJY zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufcJhygw,f}}
                                                                               awmh EdkifiH&JU ta&;t&mrsm;rSm ulnDaqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdwmudk avhvmawGU&Sd&ygw,f}}
                   ]]EdkifiHawmftBuD;tuJ (Head of State)eJY tkyfcsKyfrI (tpdk;&tzGJU) tBuD;tuJ
        tar&duefjynfaxmifpkuawmh
                                                                                          yg&SdcJhwmudkvnf; avhvmawGU&Sd&ygw,f/ a&S;tcgupí vTwfawmfrsm;rSm yg0ifaewmudk
                                                                                             rlvu EdkifiHawmfrSm ta&;ygonfh ppfonfawmf trsm;tjym;eJY tquftEG,frsm;
             pnf;rsOf;cHbk&if(Constitutional Monarchy)udk
           EdkifiHawmftBuD;tuJtjzpfxm;&SdNyD; tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m tmPma&m MoZmygBuD;wJh 0efBuD;
                                                                                       ta&SUawmiftm&S
                                                                            ]]EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH&JU tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk EdkifiHwumtzGJUtpnf;rsm;? t0ef;t0dkif;
                                                                         rS t&dyfcdkum ajcukyf,lzJhxkwfcHMu&r,fh zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;eJY EdkifiHi,frsm;&JU tajctae
                                                                                                txufvTwfawmf[m
                         (United Kingdom)vdkY trnfoHk;NyD; tar&duefuawmh tar&duefjynfaxmifpk(United
                                                                                                   yif &Snfvsm;NyD; tqifhqifhaom umvrsm;udk jzwfoef;vmcJh&mrSm txufvTwfawmfeJY
                                              -
                         -
           -
                                                    -
                                                                      -
                                                                   -
                                                             -
                                                                -
                                                          -
                                                                                                                 EdkifiHwnf armfuGef;rsm;
             tjzpf
                            jyKwifjytyfygw,f/
                            jyKwifjytyfygw,f/
                            jyKwifjytyfygw,f/
                            jyKwifjytyfygw,f/
                            jyKwifjytyfygw,f/
                      wHhcdkifNrJonfh
                                                                            aMumif; wifjytyfygonf}}
           wyfrawmftm;
                                                       Mum;emppfaq;&ef/
                                                    rnfonfhjypfrIqdkif&m
                                              w&m;pD&ifa&;tmPm
                                                    Oya'rQ
                                                                   Oya'ESifhtnD pD&ifqHk;jzwf&ef/
                                                             Oya'ESifhtnD ckcHacsycGifhay;&ef/
                      wpfckwnf;aom
           rlvwm0efjzpfaom
   &Sif;&Sif;pmay
                                              usifhoHk;&mwGif
             qufvuf&yfwnfaqmif&Guf&ef/
                                                                      Oya'ESifhtnD vGwfvyfpGm w&m;pD&if&ef/
                                                                         ]]w&m;pD&ifa&;eJY ywfoufNyD; w&m;pD&if&mwGif
                                     wdkYudk tajccHrlrsm;tjzpf csrSwfoifhygw,f}}
                                                    aemufaMumif;jyef
                                              A[dktqifhü
                      trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;
           umuG,fa&;ESifh
                                                                                                   [laom tajccHrlrsm; csrSwfoifhaMumif; tBuHjyKwifjytyfw,f}}
                               ]]wyfrawmftcef;u@rSm atmufygtajccHrlrsm; csrSwfoifhygaMumif;
                               ]]wyfrawmftcef;u@rSm atmufygtajccHrlrsm; csrSwfoifhygaMumif;
                               ]]wyfrawmftcef;u@rSm atmufygtajccHrlrsm; csrSwfoifhygaMumif;
                               ]]wyfrawmftcef;u@rSm atmufygtajccHrlrsm; csrSwfoifhygaMumif;
                               ]]wyfrawmftcef;u@rSm atmufygtajccHrlrsm; csrSwfoifhygaMumif;
                                                                Oya'ESifhtnD t,lcHydkifcGifh? jyifqifrI avQmufxm;ydkifcGifhay;&ef/
                                                 rI r&Sdap7ef? vlYodu©mnd§K;EGrf;aprnfh jypf'PfrsdK;udk jy|mef;jcif;rjyK&ef/
                                                          Oya't& wm;jrpfxm;aom udpörsm;rSty trsm;jynfola&SUarSmufwGif
                               tBuH
                               tBuH
                               tBuH
                      tiftm;pkBuD;jzifh
                   trsKd;om;EdkifiHa&;jzpfonfh wdkYwm0efta&;oHk;yg;udk wdkif;&if;om;jynf
                         wyfrawmfonf EdkifiHawmfwGif pOfqufrjywf pnf;vHk;nDñGwfNyD; wnf
                                                                                                ]]EdkifiHawmfESifh Xmeqdkif&mtay: ½dk;½dk;om;om;? BudK;BudK;pm;pm;? wm0efausaus
                                                                               acsmifcsda&;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmfu pDrHaqmif&Gufay;&ef[laom tajccHrlrsm; csrSwfoifh
                                                                                    udkom tm;udk;tm;xm;&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'gaMumifh EdkifiH0efxrf;rsm;onf ygwDEdkifiHa&;
                                                                                                                 413
                olwpf&yfvHk;u umuG,fapmifha&Smuf&mwGif wyfrawmfu OD;pD;OD;aqmif
                                                                                  uif;&Sif;a&;ESifh 0efxrf;rsm;\ oufomacsmifcsda&;? tNidrf;pm;0efxrf;rsm;\ oufom
                                                                                          xm;em;vnfMuNyD; vmbfay;vmbf,lrIrsm;udkvnf; a&SmifMuOf&rSm jzpfygw,f/ &mxl;
        Oya'jyKa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;qdkif&m wm0efrsm;udk xdkufxdkufwefwef yg0if
                                                                                                         tmPma&m MoZmyg ,SOfwGJ&SdwJh or®wwpfOD;wnf;udkom xm;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
                                        tkyfcsKyfcGifh& pD&ifpkrsm;? c½dkifrsm;ESifh NrdKUe,frsm;wGif w&m;½Hk;rsm; zGJUpnf;&ef
                                                    tmPmouffa&muf
                                                                                                            EdkifiHawmftBuD;tuJeJY tkyfcsKyfrItBuD;tuJudk wpfOD;pD cGJjcm;rxm;bJ tkyfcsKyfrIqdkif&m
                                                                                             xrf;aqmifEdkifwJh EdkifiHh0efxrf;aumif;rsm;[m vkyfief;wm0ef&JU *kPfodu©mtay: wefzdk;
                                                                                       tqifhESifh vkdufavsmnDaxGjzpfaprnfh pm;0wfaea&;tvdkYiSm axmufyHhaiGESifh vpmaiG
           vHkNcHKa&;wdkYtjyif
                               tBuH
                               tBuH
                                           a'oBuD;wpfckpDwGif a'oqdkif&m w&m;vTwfawmfwpfckpDESifh udk,fydkif
                                              w&m;vTwfawmf?
                                                                                                      ]EdkifiHawmftkyfcsKyfrItmPmusifhoHk;&mwGif or®w OD;aqmiftkyfcsKyfonfh pepfusifhoHk;&ef}
                                                                                                                 414
                                                    aMumif;
                                                    aMumif;
                                                    aMumif;
                                                    aMumif;
                                                    aMumif;
                                                 -
                                                                                                         -
                                                                                       -
                                                                                             -
                                                                                                   -
                                     -
                                                                               -
                                                                -
                                                                                                      awmftjzpf
                                                                      ]]EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;
                               xdyg;aprnfh
                                                                      ]]EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;
                                                                      ]]EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;
                                                                      ]]EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;
                                                                      ]]EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;
                                                                   tBuHjyKwifjytyfygw,f/
                                                                   tBuHjyKwifjytyfygw,f/
                                                                   tBuHjyKwifjytyfygw,f/
                                                                   tBuHjyKwifjytyfygw,f/
                                                                   tBuHjyKwifjytyfygw,f/
                                                    tBuHjyKtyfygw,f/
                                                    tBuHjyKtyfygw,f/
                                                    tBuHjyKtyfygw,f/
                                                    tBuHjyKtyfygw,f/
                                                    tBuHjyKtyfygw,f/
                                                                                  u pDrHaqmif&Guf&ef/
                                                                                          aqmif&GufydkifcGifh&Sd&ef/
                                        ydkifcGifhrsm; owfrSwfay;&ef/
                                                                                                            ulnDxrf;aqmifEdkifcGifh&Sd&ef/
                               EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m
                                                                      zGJUpnf;a&;twGuf
                                                                      zGJUpnf;a&;twGuf
                                                                      zGJUpnf;a&;twGuf
                                                                      zGJUpnf;a&;twGuf
                                                                      zGJUpnf;a&;twGuf
                                                                                                      zGJUpnf;wnfaqmuf&ef/
   &Sif;&Sif;pmay
                            wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfonf
                                                                                                awmfumuG,fa&; OD;pD;csKyfomjzpf&ef/
                      cHrlrsm; csrSwfoifhaMumif; tBuHjyKtyfygw,f}}
                               ta&;ay:tajctae
                                                                      atmufygtajccHrludk
                                                                      atmufygtajccHrludk
                                                                      atmufygtajccHrludk
                                                                      atmufygtajccHrludk
                                                                      atmufygtajccHrludk
                                                                            &Sifoefaea&;twGuf wyfrawmfrS vHk;0wm0ef,l&rnf/}}
                            zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'
                                                             apa&;twGuf Oya'jy|mef;í pepfwus zGJUpnf;cGifhjyKa&;}}
                                                                                                                 wuúodkvfjrwfol
                                                                                                         wyfrawmfudk tiftm;awmifhwif;NyD; acwfrDonfh wpfckwnf;aom wyfr
                                                                                                   EdkifiHawmf&Sd vufeufudkiftzGJUtpnf;tm;vHk;\ tBuD;tuJonf wyfr
                                                                                             wyfrawmfonf rdrd\ a&;&mudpörsm;udk rdrdudk,fwdkif vGwfvyfpGm pDrH
                                     EdkifiHawmftmPmudk qlylaomif;usef;rI ponfh t"r®enf;jzifh &,laqmif
                                  &Gufjcif; (odkYr[kwf) BudK;yrf;aqmif&Gufjcif;aMumifh wdkYwm0efta&;oHk;yg;udk
                               ay:aygufvmvQif
                                                 a'otcsKdUrSm jynfolrsm;\ vHkNcHKa&;ESifh touftdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfudk xdyg;
                                              aESmifh,Suf tEÅ&m,fjyKrnfh tajctaeay:aygufvQif wyfrawmfrS um
                                           uG,fapmifha&SmufEdkifa&;twGuf a'oqdkif&m ta&;ay:tajctae vkyf
                            owfrSwf
             a&;pepfeJY aqmif&GufoGm;&efjzpfygw,f/         aps;uGuf\         oabmobm0eJYtnD aps;uGuf
           pD;yGm;a&;pepfonf A[dkxdef;csKyfrI avsmhenf;jcif;? vIyfom&Sm;om&Sdjcif;? vufawGU
        vkyfudkifEdkifrI&Sdjcif;tjyif tvG,fwulajymif;vJEdkifrI&Sdjcif;wdkYeJY jynfhpHkygw,f/ aps;uGuf
                         jy|mef;csufrsm;ESifhtnD EdkifiHawmftmPmudk &,loHk;pGJcGifhjyK&ef pwJh tajc
                   ]]jrefrmEdkifiHrSm trsdK;om;a&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;udk taumiftxnfazmfoGm;Edkif&ef
                'Drdkua&pDa&;udk tajccHwJh EdkifiHa&;pepfeJYtnD         aps;uGufudktajccHwJh trsKd;om;pD;yGm;
                                                       ]]ta&;ay:umv jy|mef;csufrsm;u@wGif atmufygtajccHrlrsm; csrSwfoifh
                                                                      csrSwfoifhaMuif;
                                                                      csrSwfoifhaMuif;
                                                                      csrSwfoifhaMuif;
                                                                                       EdkifiHawmf vHkNcHKa&;ESifh umuG,fa&;tiftm; awmifhwif;cdkifrmonfh wyfr
                                                                                    awmfwnfaqmuf&mwGif jynfolwpf&yfvHk; yg0ifEdkifa&;twGuf wyfrawmf
                                                                               zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya' wnfwHhcdkifNrJa&;ESifh wdkYwm0efta&;oHk;yg; qufvuf
                                                                      csrSwfoifhaMuif;
                                                       ]]ta&;ay:umv jy|mef;csufrsm;u@wGif atmufygtajccHrlrsm; csrSwfoifh
                                                       ]]ta&;ay:umv jy|mef;csufrsm;u@wGif atmufygtajccHrlrsm; csrSwfoifh
                                                       ]]ta&;ay:umv jy|mef;csufrsm;u@wGif atmufygtajccHrlrsm; csrSwfoifh
                                                                      csrSwfoifhaMuif;
                                                                EdkifiHawmf\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk azmfaqmifEdkifaom EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm; jzpf
                                                       ]]ta&;ay:umv jy|mef;csufrsm;u@wGif atmufygtajccHrlrsm; csrSwfoifh
   133   134   135   136   137   138   139   140   141   142   143