Page 175 - Technology Roadmap Transportation

TECHNOLOGY ROADMAP: TRANSPORTATION

FIGURE 3.2: PROJECTION FOR GROWTH OF CO CONCENTRATION IN ATMOSPHERE[2]
2

850

750 Nitrous Oxide F-gases

CO 2 Concentration (ppm) Methane Others 27% 6% 2%
650

550
16%
450
as usual
Constant
350  Business
1990
 65% Carbon Dioxide
emissions
Pre-industrial concentration (Fossil Fuel and
Industrial 50% 1990
250 11% Processes)
emissions
1990 2010 2030 2050 2070 2090 2110
YEAR

maximum limit of 450 ppm, drastic reduction of been growing steadily over the years, consistent
CO emission is a must.
Carbon Dioxide with the growth of international trade (as shown
2
(Forestry and in fig 3.2 above). According to the IMO’s second
other Land use) Green House Gas (GHG) Study report 2009,
Shipping is no exception. CO emission from
2
AIR RESISTANCE
HULL
RESIDUAL HULL LOSS 3
1
ships’ engines by way of exhaust gases contributes ships are responsible for some 3.3% of annual
FRICTION
WAVE GENERATION 5
WEATHER & WAVE
3
16
significantly to the harmful air pollution and has global CO emission (2.7% from ships on
2
2 TRANSMISSION
AXIAL PROPELLER LOSS 6
FIG 3.3: PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION OF SHIPPING TO CO EMISSIONS GLOBALLY[3]
PROPULSION
ROTATIONAL PROPELLER LOSS 4
2
FRICTIONAL PROPELLER LOSS 3 28 COOLING WATER 2 RADIATION
PROPELLER 13 25 4 LUBE OIL
EXHAUST SHAFT HEAT
27 43 30 Manufacturing &
construction
21.3%
BUNKER Road
18.2% 100
Other Energy
Industries
1.9% International Aviation
4.6% 2.7% International Shipping
  0.6% Domestic shipping & Fishing


35% Electricity & Heat
Production
15.3% Other

WATERWAYS 173