Page 745 - Book 1

722 √«¡º≈ß“π∑“ß«‘™“°“√¢Õß»“ μ√“®“√¬å®‘μμ‘ μ‘ß»¿—∑‘¬å

Û. μâÕß√Ÿâ‰¥âßà“¬ (readily ascertainable) ‡æ◊ËÕª√–™“™π®–‰¥â∑√“∫«à“ ‡¢“¡’

‘∑∏‘·≈–Àπâ“∑’ËÕ¬à“߉√ ·≈–

Ù. μâÕß¡’ºŸâæ‘æ“°…“∑’ˇªìπÕ‘ √–·≈–‡∑’ˬßμ√ß Õ—π‡ªìπ∑’ˇ™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ¢Õߪ√–™“™π
‡ªìπºŸâ™’È¢“¥∫—ߧ—∫§¥’ (it must be enforced by independent and upright judges

in whom the people have confidence) §«“¡‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ¢Õߪ√–™“™π‡™àππ’È®–‡°‘¥¢÷Èπ
°Á‡æ√“–‡¢“√ŸâÕ¬Ÿà«à“‰¡à¡’ ¡“™‘°„π§≥–√—∞∫“≈ À√◊Õ„π√—∞ ¿“À√◊Õ‡®â“Àπâ“∑’Ë„¥Ê „π

∑∫«ß°“√·Ààß√—∞∫“≈„¥¡’ ‘∑∏‘¥â«¬ª√–°“√„¥Ê ∑’Ë®–™—°π”À√◊Õ„™âÕ‘∑∏‘æ≈ À√◊Õ·∑√°·´ß
„π°“√«‘π‘®©—¬§¥’¢ÕߺŸâæ‘æ“°…“ §«“¡‡™◊ËÕ¡—Ëπ„π¢âÕπ’ȇ∑à“π—Èπ∑’˪√–™“™π®–„À⧫“¡

‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ‰«â«“ß„®„π∫√√¥“ºŸâæ‘æ“°…“ (No member of the Government, no member
of Parliament, and no official of any Government Department, has any right

whatever to direct or to influence or to interfere with the decisions of any
of the judges. It is the sure knowledge of this that gives the people their

confidence in the judges.) ¢âÕæ‘ Ÿ®πå«à“ª√–™“™π®–¡’À√◊Õ‰¡à¡’§«“¡‡™◊ËÕ∂◊Õ‰«â«“ß„®
°Á§◊ÕºŸâæ‘æ“°…“®–μâÕ߇ªìπÕ‘ √–®“°Õ‘∑∏‘æ≈¢ÕßΩÉ“¬∫√‘À“√ (The critical test which

they must pass if they are to receive the confidence of the people is that
they must be independent of the executive)é

∑—Èßπ’È°Á‡æ√“–Õ‘ √–¢ÕߺŸâæ‘æ“°…“‰¡à„™à¡’‰¥â‡æ√“–μ—«Àπ—ß ◊Õ‡¢’¬π‰«â„π

√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠À√◊Õ„π°ÆÀ¡“¬«‘∏’æ‘®“√≥“ ·μà®–¡’‰¥â®√‘ßμ“¡μ—«Àπ—ß ◊Õπ—Èπ°Á‡æ√“–¡’
À≈—°ª√–°—π´÷Ëߪ√–™“™π‡¢“®–„™â‡ªìπÀ≈—°æ‘ Ÿ®πå«à“ ‡¢“§«√®–„À⧫“¡‰«â„®„πºŸâæ‘æ“°…“
‰¥âÀ√◊Õ‰¡à ¥—ß∑’ˉ¥â§—¥·ª≈≈߉«âπ’È.

À≈—°‡√◊ËÕßÕ‘ √–¢ÕߺŸâæ‘æ“°…“‡™àπ«à“π’ȉ¡à„™à¢Õß„À¡à„π‡¡◊Õ߉∑¬ ‰¡à„™à‡√◊ËÕß∑’Ë

æ«°‡√“§‘¥Ωíπ‰ªμ“¡∑’Ë‚≈°π‘¬¡ ‰¡à„™à«à“‡æ‘Ëß®–¡’¢÷Èπ„π«ß°“√»“≈‰∑¬‡¡◊ËÕ ¡—¬
√—∞∏√√¡πŸ≠ª√–™“∏‘ª‰μ¬¢Õ߇√“ „π‡¡◊Õ߉∑¬‰¡à„™à‡æ‘Ëß®–¡’¢÷ÈπÀ≈—ß®“°∑’Ë Montesquieu

‰¥â°≈à“«‰«âÕ—π‡ªìπ¡Ÿ≈∑’Ë¡“¢Õß°“√·∫àß·¬°Õ”π“®¢Õߪ√–‡∑»μà“ßÊ „π¬ÿ‚√ª‡¡◊ËÕª√–¡“≥
Ú °«à“ªï¡“π’È §«“¡®√‘ßπ—ÈπÀ≈—°π’È¡’™—¥·®âßÕ¬Ÿà·≈â«„π∫∑ çæ√–∏√√¡»“ μ√åé Õ—π‡ªìπ

°ÆÀ¡“¬‡°à“¥—È߇¥‘¡‡ªìπ«—≤π∏√√¡‡¥‘¡Õ—π§«√¿Ÿ¡‘„®Õ¬à“߬‘ËߢÕ߇√“ ∫∑∫—≠≠—μ‘„π
æ√–∏√√¡»“ μ√剥â°≈à“«∂÷ß≈—°…≥–¢Õß ç°√–≈“°“√é ‰«â«à“ çÕ—π«à“‡Àμÿ·Ààß°√–≈“

°“√∑—ÈßÀ≈“¬ ÚÙ ª√–°“√ Õ—π¡‚π “√“®“√¬å ”·¥ß‰«â¥—Ëßπ’È œ≈œ μ‘Õ‘ ‚√

§◊Õ‡ªìπÕ‘»√¿“æ„𧫓¡¡’ “¡ª√–°“√ œ≈œ §◊Õ°√–≈“°“√μ—Èßμâπ„À⇪ìπ