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264 SAMPLING

3. Identify the use of appropriate sampling designs for different research
purposes.
4. Explain why sample data are used to test hypotheses.
5. Discuss precision and confidence.
6. Estimate sample size.
7. Discuss the factors to be taken into consideration for determining sample size.
8. Discuss efficiency in sampling.
9. Discuss generalizability in the context of sampling designs.
10. Apply the material learned in this chapter to class assignments and projects.

DETAILS OF STUDY MEASUREMENT

Purpose of the Types of Extent of researcher Measurement
Study setting
study investigation interference and measures
DATA
Operational ANALYSIS
Establishing: Minimal: Studying events definition
Exploration Contrived
– Causal relationships as they normally occur Items (measure) 1. Feel for
Description
– Correlations Manipulation and/or Noncontrived Scaling data
Hypothesis testing
– Group differences, control and/or simulation
Categorizing
ranks, etc. Coding
PROBLEM STATEMENT 2. Goodness of
data
Unit of analysis
Sampling Time Data-collection
(population to
design horizon method
be studied)
3. Hypotheses
Individuals Probability/ One-shot Interviewing testing
nonprobability
Dyads (cross-sectional) Questionnaire
Groups Sample Longitudinal
size (n) Observation
Organizations
Unobtrusive
Machines methods
etc.
Surveys are useful and powerful in finding answers to research questions
through data collection and subsequent analyses, but they can do more harm
than good if the population is not correctly targeted. That is, if data are not
collected from the people, events, or objects that can provide the correct
answers to solve the problem, the survey would be in vain. The process of
selecting the right individuals, objects, or events for study is known as sam-
pling (shaded portion in the figure), which we will examine in some detail in
this chapter.