Page 728 - Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Small Animal Practice

716 INDEX

Air embolism, 377 for respiratory acidosis, 296 metabolic alkalosis due to, 279
transfusion-related, 594, 597 for salicylate poisoning, 262 for sepsis/septic shock, 574
Air hunger, 298 for uremic acidosis, 265 Anaerobic metabolism, 562, 562f
Airway obstruction, dyspnea in, 298 Alkalosis. See also Metabolic alkalosis; Anal sac apocrine adenocarcinoma,
Albumin, 654 Respiratory alkalosis hypercalcemia in, 148–149, 149f
for ascites, 471–472, 488–489 concentration, 85 Analgesia
in ascites, 463f, 464, 488–489, 527–528 strong ion difference and, 321 for diarrhea and vomiting, 446
in blood components, 479 definition of, 237–238, 302 for fluid therapy monitoring, 390
catabolism of, 460, 460f Allergic reactions for heart failure, 516
chronic supplementation with, 654 anaphylactic shock and, 558. See also Shock Anaphylactic shock, 558. See also Shock
concentration of, 460f, 461. treatment of, 575 treatment of, 575
See also Hyperalbuminemia; anaphylaxis in, treatment of, 575 Anaphylaxis. See also Allergic reactions
Hypoalbuminemia to blood products, 395 gelatin solution–related, 427
ascites and, 463f, 464, 488–489 to dextrans, 423 hydroxyethyl starch–related, 658
distribution of, 459–460 to gelatin solutions, 427 vitamin K–related, 481
functions of, 460–461 to hydroxyethyl starch, 658 Anemia
hepatic synthesis of, 459–461, 460f to vitamin K, 481 of chronic renal failure, erythropoietin for, 41
human serum, 395, 588, 654. Aluminum hydroxide heart failure and, 534
See also Transfusion(s) for hypervitaminosis D, 163 hypophosphatemia and, 197–198
adverse effects of, 395, 489 metabolic alkalosis due to, 275 in liver disease, 492
benefits of, 489 Aluminum-containing phosphate binders, 144, Oxyglobin for, 390, 600–601
imbalances of. See Hyperalbuminemia; 201t, 205, 554 pulmonary edema due to, 395, 600–601
Hypoalbuminemia hypercalcemia due to, 144 perioperative management of, 406, 407
increased, strong ion difference alkalosis and, toxicity of, 205 in renal failure, 546
321 Alveolar gas equation, 288, 290 Anesthesia, 416. See also Perioperative
perioperative use of, 428 Alveolar oxygen tension, 290 management
plasma colloid osmotic pressure and, Alveolar ventilation. See also Respiration agents for, 416
649–650 chemoreceptors and, 287, 288 endotracheal intubation for, 411
for shock, 565t, 569–570 chemoreflexes and, 287, 288 fluid administration during, 344
Albuterol, for hyperkalemia, 114 mechanoreflexes in, 288 for intravenous catheterization, 356
in renal failure, 553 PaCO 2 and, 287, 288, 317 magnesium pretreatment for, 223
Alcohol regulation of, 287, 288 topical, for nasoenteric intubation, 629–631
for ethylene glycol poisoning, 261–262 Alveolar ventilation equation, 288 Angiotensin II
in hemodialysate, 695 Alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient, 290 in fluid balance, 41
in intravenous catheters, 356 hypoventilation and, 291, 293 functions of, 41
Alcohol ablation, of parathyroid, 152 Amifostine, for hypercalcemia, 163 renal blood flow and, 29
Alcohol dehydrogenase, for ethylene glycol Amikacin, for sepsis/septic shock, 574 in shock, 560
poisoning, 261–262 Amiloride, for metabolic alkalosis, 280 in sodium balance, 49–50, 51t
Aldosterone Amino acids as vasoconstrictor, 560
hypersecretion of. See Hyperaldosteronism cationic, metabolic acidosis due to, 260 Angiotensin receptor blockers, 522t
hyposecretion of, 112 in parenteral nutrition, 611–612, 613t, 615 renal effects of, 522t
hyperkalemia and, 112 in peritoneal dialysate, 673 Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors,
in hypoadrenocorticism, 506 renal transport of, 36 522t
hyporeninemic, metabolic acidosis in, 259 Amlodipine, for heart failure, 531 for heart failure, 522t, 525, 526, 529,
in liver disease, 469–470 Ammonia 530–531
in metabolic alkalosis, 271–272 in blood products, 414 for refractory edema/effusions, 531–532
potassium excretion and, 97–98, 99, 101 increased levels of. See Hyperammonemia renal effects of, 522t, 525
in sodium balance, 49, 51t in urea cycle, 458, 459f, 462 Anion(s), 7
Aldosterone antagonists, for heart disease, urinary excretion of, 458–459 concentration of, 243, 243t
523t, 524, 530. See also Diuretics Ammonia detoxification, in hepatic Anion gap, 13–14, 13f, 243–244, 307
Alendronate, for hypercalcemia, 160–161, 162 encephalopathy, 484–485, 484t alkalemia and, 244
Alkalemia, 238–239 Ammoniagenesis calculation of, 307, 308
anion gap and, 244 in hypokalemia, 104–105 definition of, 243, 255, 307
definition of, 237–238, 302 in liver disease, 482–484 hyperphosphatemia and, 308
in respiratory alkalosis, 298 fluid therapy and, 486 hypoalbuminemia and, 244, 307
Alkaline picrate reaction, 30 hepatic encephalopathy and, 482–484 increase in, 307
Alkalinization potassium concentration and, 104–105, in metabolic acidosis, 14, 81–82, 255b,
for diabetic ketoacidosis, 263–264 465–466 256–260, 256f
for ethylene glycol poisoning, 261, 262 in uremic acidosis, 264–265 in mixed acid-base disorders, 244
fluid additives for, 340 Ammonium, renal excretion of, 248–250, 248f, in multiple myeloma, 244
for hypercalcemia, 158t, 159 249f, 250f, 254 normal values for, 243–244, 255–256
for hyperkalemia, 113–114, 114b in uremic acidosis, 265 Anorexia
hypocalcemia due to, 169 Ammonium chloride, metabolic acidosis due to, appetite stimulants for, 627–628
for lactic acidosis, 268–269 259–260 fluid therapy and, 334, 336
for metabolic acidosis, 269–271 Ammonium chloride tolerance test, 257 in hypocalcemia, 165
in renal failure, 554 Amoxicillin, for hepatic encephalopathy, 484t in renal failure, 545, 550
metabolic alkalosis due to, 275 Ampicillin weight loss from, 545