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Salter-Harris Fracture Classification Seizures: Causes 1279

Salter-Harris Fracture Classification
VetBooks.ir Salter-Harris Classification of Separations or Fracture-Separations Involving a Growth Plate and the Adjacent

Metaphysis and Epiphysis
Type of Fracture Radiographic Findings Principal Anatomic Region Involved
Type 1 Physeal separation, displacement of the epiphysis from the metaphysis at the growth plate Proximal humerus and femur, distal femur
Type 2 Small corner of the metaphyseal bone fractured, with displacement of the epiphysis from the Distal femur and humerus, proximal humerus,
metaphysis at the growth plate proximal tibia
Type 3 Fracture through the epiphysis and part of the growth plate, with the metaphysis unaffected Distal humerus
Type 4 Fracture through the epiphysis, growth plate, and metaphysis; several fracture lines possible Distal femur, distal humerus
Type 5 Compression of the growth plate. Soft-tissue swelling but no bony abnormalities seen following Distal ulna, distal radius, distal femur
the injury.
Modified from Piermattei D, et al: Brinker, Piermattei, and Flo’s Handbook of small animal orthopedics and fracture repair, ed 4, St. Louis, 2006, Saunders.

Seizures: Causes

EXTRACRANIAL Intoxications Differentials, Lists,
Hypoglycemia Arsenic, amphetamines, blue-green algae, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and Mnemonics
Glycogen storage diseases chocolate, ethanol/methanol/fermented materials (e.g., bread dough),
Beta-cell neoplasm of pancreas/insulinoma ethylene glycol, hexachlorophene, lead, marijuana, metaldehyde,
Youth and malnutrition (especially small or toy breeds) mercury, organophosphates, radiopaque media for myelography,
Youth and GI disease (especially small or toy breeds) tremorgenic mycotoxins (penitrem A, roquefortine), prescription human
Insulin excess (iatrogenic) medications
Intestinal leiomyosarcoma INTRACRANIAL
Hunting dog hypoglycemia Inflammatory, Infectious
Xylitol intoxication Protozoal: toxoplasmosis, neosporosis, cytauxzoonosis
Hyperglycemia/hyperosmolar nonketotic diabetes mellitus Viral encephalitides: canine distemper encephalitis, rabies, FIP
Hypoxemia meningoencephalitis
Hepatoencephalopathy Fungal: cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis
Renal disease Bacterial: uncommon
Uremia Inflammatory, Noninfectious
Nephrotic syndrome (embolism) Meningoencephalomyelitis of unknown origin (MUO)
Electrolyte disorders Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME)
Hypocalcemia Necrotizing meningoencephalitis (NME)
Hyperkalemia Necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE)
Hyponatremia Eosinophilic encephalitis
Hypomagnesemia Steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis
Rapid change in serum osmolality Neoplasia
Hyperlipoproteinemia Primary or metastatic
GI disease Malformation
Parasitism Hydrocephalus
“Garbage intoxication” Lissencephaly-pachygyria
Erythrocytosis Injury/trauma
Right-to-left shunt (e.g., reversed patent ductus arteriosus, tetralogy of Intracranial hemorrhage
Fallot, atrial or ventricular septal defect with concurrent pulmonic Degeneration
stenosis or pulmonary hypertension) Thiamine deficiency in cats
Renal neoplasm (erythropoietin-producing) Cerebral infarction in cats
Chronic lung disease IDIOPATHIC EPILEPSY
Polycythemia vera
FIP, Feline infectious peritonitis; GI, gastrointestinal.
Modified from de Lahunta A, Glass E: Veterinary neuroanatomy and clinical neurology, ed 3, St. Louis, 2009, Saunders.

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