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1282 Splenic Diseases: Infectious Splenomegaly

Splenic Diseases: Infectious
VetBooks.ir Infectious Causes of Splenomegaly/Splenitis*

Viral Diseases Plague Blastomycosis
FIP (C) Tularemia Sporotrichosis
FeLV (C) Streptococcosis Paecilomycosis
FIV (C) Staphylococcosis Systemic candidiasis
Systemic calicivirosis (C) Salmonellosis Monocillium indicum (D)
Infectious canine hepatitis (D) Endotoxemia Protozoal Diseases
Rickettsial and Mycoplasmal Diseases Mycobacterial infections Toxoplasmosis
Ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis (canine and feline) Bartonellosis Cytauxzoonosis (C)
RMSF (Rickettsia rickettsii) (D) Lyme borreliosis (D) Babesiosis (D)
Q fever (Coxiella burnetii) Melioidosis Leishmaniasis (D)
Hemotropic mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma Nocardiosis Hepatozoonosis (D)
haemofelis; others) Bacteremias (various/virtually any) Trypanosomiasis (D)
Bacterial Infections Fungal Diseases
Canine brucellosis (D) Cryptococcosis
Florida borreliosis Histoplasmosis
*Infectious disease may affect the spleen directly or indirectly cause splenomegaly by causing chronic anemia, chronic antigen stimulation, or disturbances in blood flow (e.g., endotoxemia).
C, Cats; D, dogs; FeLV, feline leukemia virus; FIP, feline infectious peritonitis; FIV, feline immunodeficiency virus; RMSF, Rocky Mountain spotted fever.
Modified from Ettinger S, Feldman E: Textbook of veterinary internal medicine, ed 7, St. Louis, 2010, Saunders.

Splenomegaly

Infiltration
Neoplastic: acute and chronic leukemia, systemic mastocytosis Splenic fine-needle aspirate for cytologic analysis, together with clinical findings, most frequently result in
(more common in cats), lymphoma, multiple myeloma a diagnosis or guide further diagnostic steps in suspected neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases.
Non-neoplastic: amyloidosis
Congestion
Iatrogenic/anesthetic: barbiturates, halothane Anesthetics comprising acepromazine and opiate premedication with propofol induction cause significantly
less engorgement than protocols using dexmedetomidine, diazepam, ketamine, or thiopentone.
Splenic torsion (alone or in association with GDV) “Feathery” or “Swiss cheese” appearance of spleen on ultrasound, not to be confused with diffuse
neoplasia (check splenic blood flow with Doppler)
Right-sided heart failure Presence of positive jugular pulse, ascites, hepatomegaly, and, invariably, enlarged hepatic veins on
abdominal ultrasound
Portal hypertension (liver-related) Acute or chronic liver failure as evidenced by increased postprandial serum bile acids and either
hepatomegaly (acute) or ascites and a small, irregular liver (chronic) on ultrasound
Inflammation/Infection
Suppurative: hematogenous dissemination of bacterial infection Fever, neutrophilia (with or without left shift)
Necrotizing: gas-forming anaerobes associated with splenic Neutrophilia (with or without left shift)
torsion
Eosinophilic: hypereosinophilic syndrome (cats) Eosinophilia possible but not always present
Lymphoplasmacytic: ehrlichiosis, babesiosis, infectious canine Thrombocytopenia, anemia, hyperglobulinemia; endemic region
hepatitis
Granulomatous: systemic mycoses Endemic region; demonstration of organism cytologically (caution regarding needlestick/public health
risks)
Pyogranulomatous: FIP Hyperglobulinemia, ascites, icterus
Lymphoreticular Hyperplasia
Chronic bacteremic conditions: discospondylitis, brucellosis Spinal pain, neutrophilia, concurrent granulomatous lesions
Immune-mediated disorders: IMHA, ITP Associated with regenerative anemia, positive in-saline agglutination test, and/or severe thrombocytopenia
Systemic lupus erythematosus Common concomitant clinical findings: nonerosive polyarthritis, fever, dermatologic signs
Extramedullary Hematopoiesis Associated with concomitant anemia, leukopenia, or thrombocytopenia
FIP, Feline infectious peritonitis; GDV, gastric dilation/volvulus; IMHA, immune-mediated hemolytic anemia; ITP, immune-mediated thrombocytopenia.
Reproduced from the third edition in unabridged form.
THIRD EDITION AUTHOR: Paolo Pazzi, BVSc, MMedVet
www.ExpertConsult.com