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2000; Zhang et al., 2014), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) Anderson, A.S., Francesconi, A., and Morgan, R.W. (1992). Complete
(Darteil et al., 1995; Tsukamoto et al., 1999, 2002; Liu et al., nucleotide sequence of the Marek’s disease virus ICP4 gene. Virology
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2006), avian influenza virus (AIV) (Cui et al., 2013), and HVT Anobile, J.M., Arumugaswami, V., Downs, D., Czymmek, K., Parcells, M.,
vectored vaccines expressing one protective antigen are widely and Schmidt, C.J. (2006). Nuclear localization and dynamic properties
used in poultry. HVT as vaccine vector is capable of expressing of the Marek’s disease virus oncogene products Meq and Meq/vIL8. J.
multiple protective antigens. HVT expressing F gene of NDV Virol. 80, 1160–1166.
and VP2 gene of IBDV have been developed and their protection Arnulf, B., Villemain, A., Nicot, C., Mordelet, E., Charneau, P., Kersual,
J., Zermati, Y., Mauviel, A., Bazarbachi, A., and Hermine, O. (2002).
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Banks, L., Purifoy, D.J., Hurst, P.F., Killington, R.A., and Powell, K.L.
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With the availability of highly efficacious vaccines and genetic the virus-induced deoxyribonuclease and characterization of the enzyme
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MDV continues to pose a threat to the poultry industry due to Benetti, L., and Roizman, B. (2007). In transduced cells, the US3 protein
emergence of highly virulent field strains that lead to vaccine kinase of herpes simplex virus 1 precludes activation and induction of
breaks and immunosuppression. Researchers have attempted to apoptosis by transfected procaspase 3. J. Virol. 81, 10242–10248.
develop vaccines that are able to provide sterilizing immunity in Bertzbach, L.D., Laparidou, M., Härtle, S., Etches, R.J., Kaspers, B., Schusser,
order to reduce the emergence of virulent field strains; however, B., and Kaufer, B.B. (2018). Unraveling the role of B cells in the
pathogenesis of an oncogenic avian herpesvirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
this has been challenging. Another challenge in the control of MD U.S.A. 115, 11603–11607. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1813964115.
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age and handling of vaccines. Several investigators have studied of Marek’s disease virus isolates. In Oncogenesis and Herpesviruses
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that do not require liquid nitrogen for storage, but to date there Biggs, P.M., Purchase, H.G., Bee, B.R., and Dalton, P.J. (1965). Preliminary
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Several HVT vectored vaccines are currently in use to control Boehmer, P.E., and Lehman, I.R. (1997). Herpes simplex virus DNA
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and MDV-2 viruses as potential vaccine vectors for commercial Bogani, F., Corredeira, I., Fernandez, V., Sattler, U., Rutvisuttinunt, W.,
use. Future studies that take advantage of technological advances Defais, M., and Boehmer, P.E. (2010). Association between the herpes
in genetic manipulation like BAC cloning and CRISPR-Cas9 simplex virus-1 DNA polymerase and uracil DNA glycosylase. J. Biol.
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biology and pathogenesis that could provide alternate interven- Chinnadurai, G. (1993). A region in the C-terminus of adenovirus 2/5
tion strategies. E1a protein is required for association with a cellular phosphoprotein
As a model virus to study viral oncogenesis, MDV continues and important for the negative modulation of T24-ras mediated
transformation, tumorigenesis and metastasis. EMBO J. 12, 469–478.
to provide a well-established system to study the molecular mech- Bradley, G., Lancz, G., Tanaka, A., and Nonoyama, M. (1989). Loss of
anisms of neoplastic transformation, especially in virus induced Marek’s disease virus tumorigenicity is associated with truncation of
T-lymphocyte transformation. In the past few decades, the roles RNAs transcribed within BamHI-H. J. Virol. 63, 4129–4135.
of Meq, vTR, and miRNAs, in oncogenesis have been eluci- Brown, A.C., Baigent, S.J., Smith, L.P., Chattoo, J.P., Petherbridge, L.J.,
Hawes, P., Allday, M.J., and Nair, V. (2006). Interaction of MEQ protein
dated. This knowledge is expected to further our understanding and C-terminal-binding protein is critical for induction of lymphomas
of herpesvirus oncogenesis. Advances in microarray and next by Marek’s disease virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103, 1687–1692.
generation sequencing will advance our understanding on the Brown, A.C., Smith, L.P., Kgosana, L., Baigent, S.J., Nair, V., and Allday, M.J.
global host responses to MDV infection, providing comprehen- (2009). Homodimerization of the meq viral oncoprotein is necessary
for induction of T-cell lymphoma by Marek’s disease virus. J. Virol. 83,
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