Page 92 - Avian Virology: Current Research and Future Trends

Avian Paramyxoviruses Other Than Newcastle

Disease Virus 3

Anandan Paldurai* and Siba K. Samal

Department of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park,
MD, USA.
*Correspondence: anandanp@umd.edu
https://doi.org/10.21775/9781912530106.03

Abstract paramyxoviruses were restricted to nine serotypes (APMV-1 to
Avian paramyxovirus (APMV) serotypes, other than APMV-1, APMV-9), which were isolated between 1927 through 1970s.
are widespread in wild bird populations and are occasionally But intensification of avian influenza virus (AIV) surveillance
found in poultry. Most of our research has focused on APMV-1 programs around the world and improvements in DNA sequenc-
because it includes Newcastle disease virus (NDV), which ing techniques provided opportunities to isolate and identify
causes a severe disease in poultry. However, very little research new APMV serotypes. Since 2010, 11 new APMV serotypes
has been done to understand the host range, genetic diversity have been isolated from wild bird populations around the world.
and pathogenicity of other APMV serotypes. Some of the other The frequent isolation of these novel APMV serotypes in the last
APMV serotypes are associated with mild respiratory disease and few years suggest existence of numerous APMV serotypes in the
decreased egg production in poultry. In the last few years, these wild bird populations and therefore, it is highly likely that many
viruses have gained much attention because of isolation of many newer APMV serotypes will be discovered in the future. Among
novel APMV serotypes. Currently, there are 20 officially recog- the APMVs, extensive research has been conducted on NDV,
nized APMV serotypes, and one putative APMV serotype. These whereas very little is known about the molecular and biological
APMV serotypes are genetically, antigenically and biologically characteristics of the other APMV serotypes. However, in the last
different. Some of these serotypes appear to be present in specific ten years complete genome sequences of prototype strains of all
wild bird species, although other wild and domestic bird species APMV serotypes were determined, which has greatly improved
are susceptible. Our understanding about this group of viruses has our understanding of this group of viruses. Genome sequence
improved significantly in the last decade because of availability of comparisons suggest that all APMVs descended from a common
their full genome sequence information. Reverse genetic systems ancestor. The extent of genetic divergence across these viruses is
have also been developed for some of these APMV serotypes. large, indicating that they have continuously evolved indepen-
The goal of this chapter is to review our current knowledge of this dently from each other over a long period of time.
group of avian viruses.

Classification
Introduction Avian paramyxoviruses (APMVs) are classified in the family Para-
Paramyxoviruses are pleomorphic, enveloped viruses containing myxoviridae of the order Mononegavirales (Amarasinghe et al.,
a single-stranded, non-segmented, negative-sense RNA genome. 2017). The family Paramyxoviridae is divided into four subfami-
These viruses are ubiquitous in nature and have been isolated from lies, Avulavirinae, Orthoparamyxovirinae, Metaparamyxovirinae
a wide variety of mammalian and avian species around the world and Rubulavirinae and a group of unassigned viruses (ICTV,
and sometimes from fish and reptiles. The most important para- 2019). All avian paramyxoviruses are grouped under the subfam-
myxovirus of birds, both economically and in its ability to cause ily Avulavirinae (ICTV, 2019).
disease, is Newcastle disease virus (NDV). This virus was first Historically, APMVs were classified on the basis of haemag-
identified in 1927 in Newcastle, England (Doyle, 1927). How- glutination inhibition (HI) and neuraminidase inhibition (NI)
ever, another serologically distinct paramyxovirus was isolated in tests and nine APMV serotypes (APMV-1 to APMV-9) were
1956 from a diseased chicken in Yucaipa, California (Bankowski recognized using these tests (Alexander, 2003). However, there
et al., 1960). Since then many serologically distinct paramyxovi- is serological cross-reaction between viruses of the different
ruses have been isolated in different geographic regions and from serotypes in HI test (Alexander and Chettle, 1978; Kessler et
different species of domestic and wild birds. Until recently, avian al., 1979; Lipkind et al., 1982; Tumova et al., 1979) and there is