Page 276 - Clinical Small Animal Internal Medicine

244 Section 3 Cardiovascular Disease

Prognosis result in mortality of 60% or more within a year of diag-
VetBooks.ir The prognosis for the animal with CHD is heavily nosis if they are not closed by surgery or intervention.
For most CHD, there is a paucity of literature on progno-
sis and survival. Experienced cardiologists have seen ani-
dependent on the underlying condition and the severity
of the defect. Mild stenosis of the semilunar valves (PS, mals with severe disease live a near‐normal lifespan, while
SAS) rarely causes morbidity or altered survival. other animals with moderate disease die from the defect
Conversely, dogs with severe SAS have been reported to prematurely. At the present time, predicting the precise
have median survival of only 1.5–4 years. For left‐to‐ prognosis for an individual animal with CHD is very diffi-
right shunting lesions, prognosis is highly dependent on cult. Serial evaluations to detect asymptomatic cardiac
the volume of shunt flow. Small shunts (e.g., restrictive dysfunction or dysrhythmias, as well as the development of
VSDs) are often well tolerated and can be associated with clinical signs (cough, lethargy, collapse, etc.), are currently
a normal lifespan. Large PDAs, however, are known to the methods used to monitor these animals.

Reference

1 Gordon SG, Miller MW, Roland RM, et al. Transcatheter septal occluder in 13 dogs: short‐ and mid‐term
atrial septal defect closure with the Amplatzer atrial outcome. J Vet Intern Med 2009; 23(5): 995–1002.

Further Reading

Bronzetti G and Corzani A. The seven “S” murmurs: an ventricular outflow tract in boxers. J Small Anim Pract
alliteration about innocent murmurs in cardiac 2011; 52(1): 11–17.
auscultation. Clin Pediatr 2010; 49(7): 713. Meurs KM. Genetics of cardiac disease in the small animal
Francis AJ, Johnson MJS, Culshaw GC, Corcoran BM, Martin patient. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010;
MWS, French AT. Outcome in 55 dogs with pulmonic 40(4): 701–15.
stenosis that did not undergo balloon valvuloplasty or Oliveira P, Domenech O, Silva J, Vannini S, Bussadori R,
surgery. J Small Anim Pract 2011; 52(6): 282–8. Bussadori C. Retrospective review of congenital heart
Hoglund K, Haggstrom J, Bussadori C, Kvart C. A disease in 976 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2011; 25(3):
prospective study of systolic ejection murmurs and left 477–83.