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▪ Muscle weakness and cramping

                  ▪ Pathological fractures
                  ▪ Renal osteodystrophy


               Reproductive Manifestations


                  ▪ Decreased fertility
                  ▪ Decreased libido
                  ▪ Impotence
                  ▪ Infrequent or absent menses


               From Ignatavicius D, Workman ML: Medical-surgical nursing: patient-centered
               collaborative care, ed 7, Philadelphia, 2013, Saunders.



               Box 54-6

               Special Problems in Kidney Disease



                  ▪ Activity intolerance and insomnia
                  ▪ Anemia
                  ▪ Gastrointestinal bleeding
                  ▪ Hyperkalemia
                  ▪ Hypermagnesemia
                  ▪ Hyperphosphatemia
                  ▪ Hypertension
                  ▪ Hypervolemia
                  ▪ Hypocalcemia
                  ▪ Hypovolemia
                  ▪ Infection

                  ▪ Metabolic acidosis
                  ▪ Muscle cramps
                  ▪ Neurological changes
                  ▪ Ocular irritation
                  ▪ Potential for injury
                  ▪ Pruritus
                  ▪ Psychosocial problems














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