Page 104 - Quantitative Data Analysis

Quantitative Data Analysis
Simply Explained Using SPSS

 ∑

Where,
O = Observed frequency, E = Expected frequency

∑ = Summation,  = Chi Square value

1. Contingency table used to summarize frequencies within

levels of each variable.

2. The chi-square test works with ordinal or nominal data.

Hypothesis:

: There is no association between the two variables; there is

no difference between the observed values and the expected
values.

: There is a relationship between the two variables.

Chi-Square Example# 1

You want to know if there is an association in the relationship
between having parents’ education (parents with education and
without education) and their children’s academic (pass and fail)
result. Out of the 45 parents who had education, their 10 children
were pass and 35 fail, and out of the 955 cases of parents without
education, 480 was passed. Following table shows the actual data.

The Theory and Applications of Statistical Inferences 88