Page 107 - Quantitative Data Analysis

Quantitative Data Analysis
Simply Explained Using SPSS

2
   (observed - expected) 2
expected

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Step 6: Calculate degrees of freedom using the following formula:

(Number of rows – 1) x (Number of columns – 1)

• ×

Step 7: Look up critical value.

Example of a chi square table

The values along the left side are the degrees of freedom (DF). To
find the degrees of freedom, we subtract one from the number of
categories in our data. Along the top of the table are the p-values.
The p-value, or probability value, tells the probability of the
observed values matching the expected values and is used to
determine whether the null hypothesis should be accepted or
rejected. Unless indicated otherwise, the null hypothesis states that

The Theory and Applications of Statistical Inferences 91