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led sahaja yang diguna semula (“reuse”). Oleh itu, produk ini amatlah menjimatkan
kos dan mudah untuk dihasilkan. Tambahan pula, ianya mempunyai nilai estetika,
mesra pengguna, adanya kecenderungan inovasi, mesra alam, ergonomik dan
bernilai komersial yang mana boleh menarik perhatian pengguna.
Kata kunci: inovasi, kitar semula, nilai estetika, nilai komersial, 3R

KD12

PURIFICATION OF WASTE COOKING OIL INTO BIOFUEL USING BIOMASS
ACTIVATED CARBON TOWARDS A SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT

CHLOE WONG KAI LIN, TEOH YOONG LER, LAW YING XIN, ONG WEI JI
SMJK Ave Maria Convent
Jalan Chung Thye Phin, 30250 Ipoh, Perak
komathy2112@gmail.com

The need for renewable environmentally friendly energy resources is growing every
day. Biodiesel is one of the most promising alternatives to the conventional non-
renewable energy resources. Heterogeneous catalysts proved a high efficiency in
the trans esterification of oils toproduce biodiesel. In this research, activated carbon
derived from agricultural waste namely: sugarcane bagasse, coconut husk and
banana peel was tested as a heterogeneous catalyst inthe trans esterification of
waste cooking oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. Activated carbon was
characterized using scanning electron microscope and Fourier transformed
infrared. The effect of different operating parameters, namely operation time (30,
60, 120 and 180 min), alcohol-to-oil molar ratio (4:1, 6:1, 8:1 and 10:1) and catalyst
loading [0.5, 1, 2, 3 and 5% (w/w)] was investigated. Results showed that
increasing the operational time, the alcohol-to-oil molarratio and the catalyst loading
increases the conversion to biodiesel but only to some extent; increasing the
stirring rate was found to be beneficial to the process. The optimum conditions were
found to be 2 hours of heating, 6:1 alcohol-to-oil ratio and 1 wt% catalyst loading.
Under optimum conditions, the conversion to biodiesel reached 93.95 % for the
waste cooking oil. The properties of the obtained biodiesel (density, viscosity, flash
point, pour point and cloud point) were measured giving promising results. The heat
of combustion of the biodiesel, which is compared to the heat of combustion of
diesel fuel from crude oil were studied shows approximately 8% smaller. Biofuel is
recomended as a clean, biodegradable and biocompatible green product, which is
in harmony with the political and environmental awareness and in line with future
strategies on renewable fossil fuels.
Keywords: Waste Cooking Oil, Biomass Activated Carbon, Sugarcane Bagasse,
Coconut Husk, Banana Peel

KD13

FLOOD ALARM SYSTEM-DOMESTIC@FASD

MUHAMMAD FAUZAN HANIF BIN MOHD FAIZAL, MUHAMAD FARHAN BIN
ZAINUDDIN, AZIZAH FAQIHAH BINTI ZUBIR, AMINUR AFIQ BIN RAMZI,
MUHAMMAD IZZUDDIN BIN ABDUL HALIM, NAJMI SYAHIR BIN MOHD NAJIB,
MOHAMAD AMIR HARITH BIN MOHD NOH, MUKHLIS BIN AZMAN
SMT Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra
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