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1182     SECTION X  Special Topics


                 efforts to develop and produce low-profit but medically valuable   REFERENCES
                 therapeutic agents such as vaccines. Since the use and sale of these   Ada G: Vaccines and vaccination. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1042.
                 products are subject to careful review and approval by govern-  Advice for travelers. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2012;10:45.
                 ment bodies such as the Surgeon General’s Advisory Committee   Centers for Disease Control and Prevention websites: http://www.cdc.gov/
                 on Immunization Practices and the US Food and Drug Admin-  vaccines/ and http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/.
                 istration, “strict product liability” (liability without fault) may be   Dennehy PH: Active immunization in the United States: Developments over the
                                                                         past decade. Clin Micro Rev 2001;14:872.
                 an inappropriate legal standard to apply when rare reactions to   Gardner P, Peter G:  Vaccine recommendations: Challenges and controversies.
                 biologicals, produced and administered according to government   Infect Dis Clin North Am 2001;15:1.
                 guidelines, are involved.                           Gardner P et al: Guidelines for quality standards for immunization. Clin Infect
                                                                         Dis 2002;35:503.
                                                                     General recommendations on immunization. Recommendations of the Advisory
                                                                         Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal
                 RECOMMENDED IMMUNIZATION OF                             Wkly Rep 2011;60(2):1.
                 ADULTS FOR TRAVEL                                   Hill DR et al:  The practice of travel medicine: Guidelines by the Infectious
                                                                         Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:1499.
                                                                     Keller MA, Stiehm ER: Passive immunity in prevention and treatment of
                 Every adult, whether traveling or not, should be immunized   infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 2000;13:602.
                 with tetanus toxoid and should also be fully immunized against   Kim DK, Bridges CB, Harriman KH: Advisory Committee on Immunization
                 poliomyelitis, measles (for those born after 1956), and diphtheria.   Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or
                                                                         older—United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:88.
                 In addition, every traveler must fulfill the immunization require-  Pickering LK et al: Immunization programs for infants, children, adolescents,
                 ments of the health authorities of the countries to be visited. These   and adults: Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of
                 are listed in  Health Information for International  Travel, avail-  America. Clin Infect Dis 2009;49:817.
                 able from the Superintendent of Documents, US Government   Robinson  CL:  Advisory  Committee  on  Immunization  Practices  recommended
                 Printing  Office,  Washington, DC  20402. A useful  website  is   immunization schedules for persons aged 0 through 18 years—United States,
                                                                         2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:86.
                 http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/.  The Medical Letter on Drugs and   Rubin LG et al: 2013 IDSA clinical practice guideline for vaccination of the
                 Therapeutics also offers periodically updated recommendations for   immunocompromised host. Clin Infect Dis 2014;58:309.
                 international travelers (see Treatment Guidelines from The Medical   Zumula A et al: Travel medicine. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2012;26:575.
                 Letter, 2012;10:45). Immunizations received in preparation for
                 travel should be recorded on the International Certificate of
                 Immunization. Note: Smallpox vaccination is not recommended
                 or required for travel in any country.
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