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Civil Rights Act of April 1871 empowered the
President of the United States (POTUS) to declare
martial law, or deploy armed forces to combat those
who conspired to deny equal protection of the laws, and

if necessary, to suspend habeas corpus to enforce civil
rights.

Despite these efforts, Southern Democrats seized total

power in the south. This occurred during the period
from 1878-80 after Union Troops were withdrawn. Once
in power, they outlawed voting by former slaves and

their descendants. This ushered in the age when Jim
Crowe codes ruled from approximately 1878 – 1958,

nearly 80 years. Jim Crowe was never a political party; it
was a set of codes that enforced the segregation and
25
discrimination imposed by Southern Democrats .

[b]
Supreme Court Failures – As the Jim Crowe era
ushered in a sad and disgraceful period of U.S. History, it
is clear that the High Courts failed to uphold the strict
th
th
Civil Rights protections set forth by the 14 and 15
Amendments of the U.S. Constitution. Had they done so,
the schemes of Southern Democrat’s Jim Crowe laws
[b]
would have been immediately struck down .

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