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ȯÙΉ ·Á¯Ó‰ ˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰· ÌÈ˷ȉ

̂ȇ ,˙ÂȇϘÁ‰ ˙‚¯„Ó‰ ˙¯Ș ˙‡ ȇϘÁ‰ ‰· ÂÎωӷ˘ – ‰Ê ͢ÂÓÓ ÍÈω˙
‰ÈÈ· ÏÚ Á¯Î‰· „ÓÏÓ – ‰Î¯‡ ‰Ù˜˙ ¯Á‡Ï ˜¯ ȯ٠·È‰˘ ÌÈˆÚ ÚË ,Ú˜¯˜
ÔÓÊ· · ,ͯ‡ ÁÂÂËÏ ‰Ú˜˘‰ ¯˘Ù‡ ,˙ÈËÈÏÂÙ ˙ȇ·ˆ ˙·Ȉȷ ÂÈÈÙ‡˘ ˙ÂÙ˜˙·

.ÔÂÊÓÏ ‰˘È¯„· ˘ÓÓ Ï˘ ‰ÈÈÏÚ Ô‰· ‰ÏÁ

˙ÂȇϘÁ‰ ˙‚¯„Ó‰ ͯ‡È˙Ï ˙ÂÂÈÒÈ

ÈÓÈÏ Ô˙‡ ͯ‡˙Ï ÂË ˙ÂȇϘÁ‰ ˙‚¯„Ó‰ ¯˜Á· ˜ÒÚ˘ Ìȯ˜ÂÁ‰ ÔÓ ÌÈ„Á‡
˙‡ ¢·Î χ¯˘È ÈË·˘˘ ˙Ú· ,¯Úȉ ‡Â¯È· ÏÚ ÌȯÂÎʇ‰ 101.Ô¢‡¯‰ ˙È·‰
˙‚¯„Ó ˙ÈÈ·· Ì‚ ‰ÂÂÏÓ ‰È‰ ˙ÂÏÁ˙‰‰ ÍÈω˙˘ ‰Á‰‰ ˙‡ ÒÒÈ· 102,χ¯˘È-ı¯‡
χ¯˘È ÈË·˘ ˙¯È„Á· Í¯Π‰È‰˘ ÈÙ¯‚ÂÓ„‰ ıÁω ˙ÈÈÚ· ˙‡ ¯Â˙ÙÏ Â‡·˘ ˙ÂȇϘÁ
ÔΠ,˙ÂÚ˜·‰Â ÌÈÏÁ‰ ȘÈÙ‡ ˙‡˘ ¯Á‡Ó 103.‰˜È˙‰ ˙ÈÚΉ ˙·˘ÈÈ˙‰‰ ȯÂʇÏ
Ï˘ ÌÈÈÓ˜Ӊ ÌÈ·˘Â˙‰ ÂÒÙ˙ ¯·Î ,˙‡ϘÁÏ ÌÈÁÂ‰ χ¯˘È-ı¯‡ ȯÂʇ ¯˙È ˙‡
˙‚¯„Ó‰ ˙‡ ˙Â·Ï ¯Úȉ ˙‡ ‡¯·Ï ÌÈÏÁ˙Ó‰ χ¯˘È ÈË·˘ ˆχ ,χ¯˘È-ı¯‡

104.˙ÂȇϘÁ‰
ÌÈÏÂ˜È˘ ÏÚ ¯˜ÈÚ· ÒÒ·˙Ó Ô¢‡¯‰ ˙È·‰ ÈÓÈÏ ˙ÂȇϘÁ‰ ˙‚¯„Ó‰ ÍÂÈ˘
̉ ȇϘÁ ¯˘˜‰· '˙‚¯„Ó' '˙ÂÓ„˘' ÌÈÁÂÓ‰ ÌÈÚÈÙÂÓ Í"˙· 105.ÌÈÈχÂËÒ˜Ë
¯˙‡Ï Ìȯ˜ÂÁ‰ ÂÁÈψ‰ ÌÈ˙ÚÏ Ô· 106.˙‚¯„Ó‰ Â· ʇ ¯·Î ÈÎ ‰ÁΉ ÌÈ˘Ó˘Ó
˙È·‰ ÈÓÈÏ Âί‡Â˙ ԉ ,˙ÂȇϘÁ ˙‚¯„Ó ÂÏ‚˙ Ì˙·¯˜· ‡ ̉·˘ ·Â˘ÈÈ È¯˙‡
˘ÂÓÈ˘‰ ˙È˘‡¯ ˙‡ ͯ‡˙Ï ˘È ÈÎ È„È˙Ú ¯˜ÁÓ ÁÈÎÂÈ Ì‡ Ì‚ ÈÎ ¯Â¯· ͇ 107.Ô¢‡¯‰

,ÒÈÏËÈÓ ;„"˘˙ ,ÔÈÈË˘Ï„‡ ;175–165 'ÓÚ ,1995 ,ÔÂÒ·È‚ ;155–154 'ÓÚ ,Ì"˘˙ ,¯È χ¯‰ 101
M. Har-El, ‘The Shaping of the Landscape of Jerusalem, the Hills and ;9 'ÓÚ ,·"˘˙

the Desert by the Israelites’, Proceedings of the Twelfth World Congress of Jewish Studies,
Division A: The Bible and its World, Jerusalem 1999, pp. 149*–172*

.ÁÈ ÊÈ Ú˘Â‰È 102
O. Borowski, Agriculture in Iron Age ;·"˘˙ ,ÒÈÏËÈÓ ;21 ,18–16 'ÓÚ ,‚"Ó˘˙ ,ÔÈÈË˘Ï„‡ 103

Israel, Winona Lake, IN 1987, pp. 15–18

˙ÂȇϘÁ‰ ˙‚¯„Ó‰ ͯ‡È˙Ó ‰ÏÈÁ˙· ‚ÈÈ˙ÒÓ ÔÈÈË˘Ï˜ÈÙ .15 'ÓÚ ,Ì˘ ,Șҷ¯· ,Ï˘ÓÏ 104
.124–123 'ÓÚ ,1989–1988 ,ÔÈÈË˘Ï˜ÈÙ ,ÂÊ ‰ÚÈ·˜ Ï·˜Ó ͢Ӊ· ͇ ,˙ÂÏÁ˙‰‰ ˙Ù˜˙Ï

ȯÂËÒȉ‰Â ÈÏÎÏΉ ,ÈÙ¯‚‡Ȃ‰ Ú˜¯‰' ,χ¯‰ 'Ó ;155–154 'ÓÚ ,Ì"˘˙ ,¯È χ¯‰ Ï˘ÓÏ Â‡¯ 105
.138–137 'ÓÚ ,(Ë"Ó˘˙–Á"Ó˘˙) 24–23 ,ı¯‡Â ÌÚ :χ¯˘È ,'˙Èʉ Ï„‚Ï

;'ÏÂÙÈ˙ χ¯˘È-ı¯‡Ï ‰ÓÂÁ ÏΠ˙‚¯„Ó‰ ÂÏÙ Ìȯ‰‰ ÂÒ¯‰Â' :Î ,ÁÏ Ï‡˜ÊÁÈ Ï˘ÓÏ Â‡¯ 106
˙ÂÈ„ÚÏ .'‰˘Ú ‡Ï ˙ÂÓ„˘Â ˙ÈÊ ‰˘ÚÓ ˘Áƒk ÌÈÙ‚· ÏÂ·È Ôȇ Á¯Ù˙ ‡Ï ‰‡˙ ÈÎ' :ÊÈ ,‚ ,˜Â˜·Á

.1996 ,̉˜¯ ‡¯ ,‰Ó„˜‰ ˙ÈÂÂȉ ˙¯ÙÒ·
.100–99 'ÓÚ ,(Ì"˘˙) 52–51 ,˙ÂÈÂÓ„˜ ,'‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙Ù˜˙Ó ¯ÙÎ :ÔÈÚÓ'‚ ˙·¯È'Á' ,¯„ '˘ 107
ÂȇȈÓÓ Âȉ ‡Ï‡ ,'˙‚¯„Ó‰ „ÂÒ' ˙‡ ¯ÈΉ Ïʯ·‰ ˙Ù˜˙· ÌȇϘÁ‰˘ ˜¯ ‡Ï ÈÎ ·˙ÂÎ ¯„
ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È ˙·ȷҷ ˙ȇϘÁ ˙·˘ÈÈ˙‰' ,ÒÈÏËÈÓ 'È Ì‚ ‡¯ .17 'ÓÚ ,·"Ó˘˙ ,¯„ ,ÂÈÏÏ΢ÓÂ
;103–98 'ÓÚ ,1989 ,ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· ˙ȯ·Ú‰ ‰ËÈÒ¯·È‡‰ ,ÍÓÒÂÓ ˙„Â·Ú ,'Ïʯ·‰ ˙Ù˜˙ È‰Ï˘·

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