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È˘ÈÏ˘ ˜¯Ù
131.‰Ï‡ ˙ÂÈ˙ˆÈ· ˙ÂÚ˜¯˜ „·ÈÚ ‰¯˘Ù‡ ‰˜ÂÓÚ „˙È ˙ÏÚ· ‰˘¯ÁÓ Ï˘ ˘ÂÓÈ˘Ï
133.Ô¯Ó¢‰ ÔÂÙˆ· ÔΠ132,Ô¯˘‰ Ï˘ ÌÈÈÂÙˆ‰ ÂȘÏÁ· Ì‚ ‰˙Ï‚˙ ‰Ó„ ‰ÂÓ˙
ȯÙΉ ·Á¯Ó‰ ˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰· ÌÈ˷ȉ
,‰Ï˘ ÌÈÏ·‚ÂÓ‰ ÌÈÈڷˉ ÌÈÂ˙‰Â χ¯˘È-ı¯‡ Ï˘ ̈ÓˆӉ ‰Áˢ ˙¯ÓÏ
„·ÈÚ ÈÁˢ· ˘ÓÓ Ï˘ ˙ÙÒÂ˙Ï ‰È¯Ùȯى χ ‰Ù˜˙‰ ȇϘÁ Ï˘ ‰ÈÈÙ‰ ‰‡È·‰
ÏÎÏÎÏ ‰¯˘Ù‡˘ ˙ȇϘÁ ˙¯ˆÂ˙ ·ȉ ‰Ï‡ ÌÈ˘„Á ÌÈȇϘÁ ÌȯÂʇ .ÌÈȇϘÁ
¯˘Ù‡˘ ‡Â‰ ÔÎÏ Ì„Â˜ „·ÂÚ ‡Ï˘ ÌÈÁˢ‰ ÏÂˆÈ .‰Ï„‚ ‰Îω˘ ‰ÈÈÒÂÏ·‰ ˙‡
ÂÓÎ ÌÈÙÒ ÌÈӯ‚ Ì‚ Âٯˆ ¯ÂӇΠ‰Ï‡Ï ¯ˆÂÈÓ‰ ÔÂÊÓ‰ ˙ÂÓη ˘ÓÓ Ï˘ ‰Ï„‚‰
,ÔÎÏ Ì„Â˜ „·ÂÚ ¯·Î˘ ˙ÂȇϘÁ ˙˜ÏÁ Ï˘ ·¯ ψȠژ¯˜‰ Ï˘ È„Ù˜ „·ÈÚ
ÍÈω˙ ˙‡ˆÂ˙ .ÌÈȇϘÁ ˙ÂÈÁÓÂÓÂ Ú„È ˙¯È·ˆÂ ¯ÂÊ‡Ï ÌÈÓȇ˙Ó‰ ÌÈÏ„Ȃ· ˙ÂÁÓ˙‰
·˘ÂÈÓ‰ Áˢ‰ ۘȉ ‰È‰ ˙ÈËÊÈ·‰ ‰Ù˜˙‰Â ˙ÈÓ¯‰ ‰Ù˜˙‰ Íωӷ ÈÎ ‰˙Èȉ ‰Ê
„Ú ‡Ï‡ ÂÈχ ‰¯ÊÁ ‡Ï˘ ‡È˘Ï ‰ÚÈ‚‰ χ¯˘È-ı¯‡ ˙ÈÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡Â Â‡È˘· „·ÂÚÓ‰Â
χ¯˘È-ı¯‡· ˙·˘ÈÈ˙‰‰ Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ· ÌÈËÏ·‰ ÌÈÈÈÙ‡Ó‰ „Á‡ 134.‰˘„Á‰ ˙ÚÏ
ÌÈ¢ ÌÈ‚ÂÒ ÌȇˆÂÓ Â‡ ÂÊ ‰Ù˜˙·˘ ˜¯ ‡Ï .‰Ï˘ ·¯‰ ÔÂÂÈ‚‰ ‡Â‰ Âχ ˙ÂÙ˜˙·
‰Ï„‚‰ ‰¯ÈÈÚ· ‰ÏΠԢ‰ ‰ÂÂÁ‰ ˙È·· ÏÁ‰ – ȯÙÎ-ȇϘÁ ÈÙ‡ ÈÏÚ· ÌÈ·Â˘ÈÈ Ï˘
˙ȯÂËÒȉ ‰Ù˜˙ ÏÎÓ ·¯ ‰È‰ ‰Ù˜˙‰ È·Â˘ÈÈ Ï˘ ËÏÁÂÓ‰ ¯ÙÒÓ‰ Ì‚ ‡Ï‡ –
.χ¯˘È-ı¯‡ ˙„ÏÂ˙· ˙¯Á‡
ÔÈ· ˜·‡ÓÎ ÌÈ˙ÚÏ ‰ÂÎÓ‰ ˙‡Ê ,ÔÂÓÈ˘È· („·ÂÚÓ‰ Áˢ‰) Ú¯ÊÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ
'¯Â˘ÈÓ'‰ ÔÈ· ‡ ,'¯„Ò‰ ¯ÒÂÁ'Ï '¯„Ò'‰ ÔÈ· ˙„„ÂÓ˙‰Î ,'ȇ¯Ù'Ï 'È˙·¯˙'‰
ÂÓÎ – ‰Ó¯„ ‰Á¯ÊÓ ,¯·„Ó‰ Ï·‚ Ï˘ Â˙ËÒ‰· ˜¯ ‡Ï ÈÂËÈ· È„ÈÏ ‰‡· 135,'¯‰'Ï
·˘ÂÈӉ „·ÂÚÓ‰ Áˢ‰ ÔÓ ˜ÏÁ ÂÎÙ‰˘ ·‚‰ ¯‰ ‡ ‰„Â‰È ¯·„Ó ¯ÙÒ ¯Âʇ Ï˘ÓÏ
Ìȯ˜ÁÓ .χ¯˘È-ı¯‡ Ï˘ ‰·Ï· ÔÂÓÈ˘È ÈÒÈÎ ÏÂÒÈÁ· Ì‚ ‡Ï‡ – χ¯˘È-ı¯‡ Ï˘
,χ¯˘È-ı¯‡ Ï˘ ÌÈ¢ ÌȯÂʇ· ˙¯Á‡‰ ÌÈ˘· ÂÎ¯Ú˘ ,ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈÈ‚ÂÏ‡ί‡
ÌȘȯ Âȉ ˙ÈËÊÈ·‰ ‰Ù˜˙Ï Â‡ ˙ÈÓ¯‰ ‰Ù˜˙Ï „Ú˘ ÌÈ·Á¯Ó ÈÎ ÌÈ„ÓÏÓ
S. Rees, ‘Agriculture ‡¯ ,ÈÓ¯‰ ÌÏÂÚ· ‰˘¯ÁÓ‰ Ï˘ ˙È‚ÂÏÂÎˉ ˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰‰ ÏÚ .180 'ÓÚ ,Ì˘ 131
and Horticulture’, J. Wacher (ed.), The Roman World, London & New York 1987, pp. 481–503
,ÔÓ‡ ;181–180 'ÓÚ ,Ì˘ ,ÔÂÏÈȇ Ï¯ ‡¯ ·È„‰ ˙Ú˜·Â ‰„Ú ˜ÓÚ ÊÂ˜È ÏÚ .Ë"È˘˙ ,ÔÂÓ¯˜ 132
.‡"˘˙
.63–59 'ÓÚ ,·"˘˙ ,ÏË¯Ê Â‡¯ ˙ÈËÊÈ·‰ ‰Ù˜˙‰Â ˙ÈÓ¯‰ ‰Ù˜˙· Ô˙„ ˜ÓÚ ÊÂ˜È ÏÚ 133
.Â"Ó˘˙ ,ȇ¯ÙÒ 'Ê 134
C. Delano Smith, ‘Where is the “Wilderness’ in Roman Times?’, G. Shipley and J. Salmon 135
(eds.), Human Landscapes in Classical Antiquity, London & New York 1996, pp. 154
118