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ͯ‡È˙‰ ˙‡ ÂÈÏÚ ÒÒ·Ï ¯˘Ù‡˘ ,¯Á‡ ÈÂ· ÏÂÏÎÓ ÏΠ‡ ,‰ÓÂÁ ,˙È· ÂÓÎ ‡Ï˘
‰Ù˜˙‰ ȉÈÊ 118.˙ÂȇϘÁ‰ ˙‚¯„Ó‰ ˙‡ ͯ‡˙Ï ¯˙ÂÈ ‰·¯‰ ‰˘˜ ,ÌÈÒ¯Á ÏÚ
119,È˙Ù˜˙-„Á ¯˙‡Ï ÈÚÓ˘Ó-„Á ¯˘˜· ‰˙ÂÓ „·ÈÚ‰ ˙‚¯„Ó ‰· ‰Ó˜Â‰˘
ȯ˙‡· ˙Â¯Á‡‰ ÌÈ˘· ÂίÚ˘ ˙¯ÈÙÁ .˙È‚ÂÏ‡ί‡ ‰ÈÁ·Ó È˙ÈÈÚ· ÔÈÈÚ ‡Â‰˘
˙‚¯„Ó È„È¯˘ ¯˙‡Ï ÂÁÈψ‰ Ô· ˙ÈËÊÈ·‰ ‰Ù˜˙‰Â ˙ÈÓ¯‰ ‰Ù˜˙‰ ÔÓ ˙·˘ÈÈ˙‰
Ïӯη˘ ‰˜ÓÂÒ ˙·¯ÂÁ ˙·¯˜· ˙ÂȇϘÁ ˙‚¯„Ó ‰ÓÎ ˙¯ÈÙÁ· ,Ï˘ÓÏ .˙ÂȇϘÁ
Ì‚ ‰Î˘Ó Ô˙ÈÈ·Â ˙¯Á‡Ӊ ˙ÈÓ¯‰ ‰Ù˜˙‰ Íωӷ Â· ˙‚¯„Ó‰ ÈÎ ¯¯·˙‰
ÛËÒ ¯˙‡· ‰˘Ú˘ ,˙È‚ÂÏ‡ί‡ ‰¯ÈÙÁ· ·Ï¢Ӊ ,ÛÂ ¯˜Ò 120.˙ÈËÊÈ·‰ ‰Ù˜˙·
˙ÈÈ· ‰ÚÈ‚‰ ˙ÈËÊÈ·‰ ‰Ù˜˙· ¯˜ÈÚ·Â ˙ÈÓ¯‰ ‰Ù˜˙· ÈÎ ‰ÏÈ‚ ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È È¯‰·˘
ÈÓÈ Íωӷ ¯·Î ÂӘ‰ ˙ÂȇϘÁ ˙‚¯„Ó ÈΠ̇ ,‰‡È˘Ï ¯Âʇ· ˙ÂȇϘÁ‰ ˙‚¯„Ó‰
ÂÏÈ‚ ,ÌÈÓ„˜ ˙‡Ï ÍÂÓÒ·˘ ,˙È˘Ó¯Á ˙·¯ÂÁ· ÂίÚ˘ ˙¯ÈÙÁ‰ 121.Ô¢‡¯‰ ˙È·‰
ÌÈȇϘÁ ÌÈ˜˙Ó È·‚ ÏÚ ,˙ÈËÊÈ·‰ ‰Ù˜˙‰ Íωӷ Â· ˙ÂȇϘÁ‰ ˙‚¯„Ó‰˘
Ì˘ Ì‚ ,ÌÈÏ˘Â¯È· Ìȇٯ ˜ÓÚ ¯Âʇ· ¯˜ÁÓ‰ ÔÓ ˙ÂÏÂÚ ˙ÂÓ„ ˙Â˜ÒÓ 122.ÌÈÓ„˜
·‚· Ì‚ 123.ÍÏȇ ˙ÈÓ¯‰ ‰Ù˜˙‰ ÔÓ ˙ÂȇϘÁ ˙‚¯„Ó Ï˘ ‰ÈÈ· ˙ÙÂ˙ ‰ÈÈÙ‡
˙¯Á‡Ӊ ˙ÈÓ¯‰ ‰Ù˜˙Ï ¯Âʇ‰ ÈÏÁ Ï˘ Ì·ÁÂ¯Ï ÂӘ‰˘ ÌȯÎÒ‰ ˙ÂίÚÓ ÂÎÈ¢
¢Ú ˙Â¯Á‡‰ ÌÈ˘‰ Ï˘ ÌÈÈ΄ډ ÌÈÈ‚ÂÏ‡ί‡‰ Ìȯ˜Ò‰ 124.˙ÈËÊÈ·‰ ‰Ù˜˙ÏÂ
˙ÂÏÈÚÙ‰ Û˜È‰Ï ÔÓÒ ˙¢ӢӉ ˙ÂȇϘÁ‰ ˙ÂίÚÓ‰ ˙Â·È˘ÁÏ ˙¯·Â‚ ˙ÂÚ„ÂÓ ÍÂ˙Ó

G. Edelstein and S. Gibson, ‘Ancient Jerusalem’s Rural Food ;19 'ÓÚ ,‚"Ó˘˙ ,ÔÈÈË˘Ï„‡ 118
˙ÂȇϘÁ‰ ˙‚¯„Ó‰ ˙¯Ș ˙‡ ͯ‡˙Ï ÔÂÈÒÈ Ì˘ ‡¯Â .Basket’, BAR, 8/4 (1982), pp. 52–53
˙ÂÈÈÙÂ‡Ó ˙ÈËÊÈ·‰ ‰Ù˜˙‰Â ˙ÈÓ¯‰ ‰Ù˜˙‰ ÔÓ ˙‚¯„Ó‰ .Ì‰Ï˘ ‰ÈÈ·‰ ÈÈÈÙ‡ÓÏ Ì‡˙‰·
‰Ù˜˙· .ÈÂÏÈÓ ÈÏ· ËÚÓÎ ÂÊÏ ÂÊ ÂÓ‡˙‰ ˙È·ÏÓ ‰¯Âˆ· ·ˆÁ˘ ˙ÂÏ„‚ ÌÈ·‡ ˙Â¯Â˘·
ÔÈ· ÌÈ˘ Ô·‡ ÈÏˆÙ Ï˘ ‰ÒΉ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ÂÊÏ ÂÊ ˙ÂÏ„‚‰ ÌÈ·‡‰ ˙‡ Ìȇ˙‰Ï ÂÏÁ‰ ˙ÈËÊÈ·‰
ÔÓ ˙ÂȇϘÁ‰ ˙‚¯„Ó‰ Ï˘ ‰ÈÈ·‰ ˙ÂËÈ˘ ˙‡ ÔÈÈÙ‡Ï Ô˙È ÈÎ Ìȯ˜ÂÁ‰ ˙˜ÒÓ ˙¯ÓÏ .ÌÈ·‡‰
„ÁÂÈÓ· ˙È˙ÈÈÚ·Â ·¯ ˜ÙÒ· ¯·„‰ ÔÂ˙ ˙ÈÂ‚Ò ‰ÈÁ·Ó ˙ÈËÊÈ·‰ ‰Ù˜˙‰Ó ˙ÈÓ¯‰ ‰Ù˜˙‰

  .˙ÂȇϘÁ ˙‚¯„Ó ˙ÈÈ·Ï ‰Ï˘Ó ÈÈÈÙ‡ ÔÂ‚Ò ˙ȯÂËÒȉ ‰Ù˜˙ ÏÎÏ ÔÈÈÙ‡Ï Ô˙È ÈÎ ‰Úˉ
                                                                          .·"˘˙ ,ÒÈÏËÈÓ 119

                                                                .230–223 'ÓÚ ,Á"˘˙ ,¯„ 120
                                                .Á"˘˙ ,ÔÂÒ·È‚ ;1991 ,¯ÂϘ ҷȇ ÔÂÒ·È‚ 121
·˜–‡˜ ,˙ÂÈ‚ÂχÈί‡ ˙¢„Á ,'1992 – (ÌÈÓ„˜ ˙‡) ˙È˘Ó¯Á ˙·¯ÂÁ' ,ÔÈ·ÂÏ-Ô¯ÈÚ 'Ó 122
2 Ïʯ·‰ ˙Ù˜˙ ,‰Ó„˜‰ ‰Ê¯·‰ ˙Ù˜˙· ÌȯÁ· Ìȯ˙‡' ,Ï"‰ ;73–72 'ÓÚ ,(1994)
,'ÛÂ Ï˘ ‰È‚ÂχÈί‡Â ‰‡È˘ ¯˘ÂÎ ,ψÈ Ô‚‡ :‰„Â‰È ˙ÏÙ˘ ÔÂÙˆ· ,˙ÈËÊÈ·‰ ‰Ù˜˙‰Â
                                   .80–78 'ÓÚ ,1996 ,·È·‡ Ï˙ ˙ËÈÒ¯·È‡ ,ÍÓÒÂÓ ˙„·Ú
G. Edelstein, I. Milevski and S. Aurant, ‘Terraces and Stone Mounds’, Villages, Terraces, and 123

   Stone Mounds: Excavations at Manahat, Jerusalem, 1987–1989, Jerusalem 1998, pp. 8–9

Y.D. Nevo, Pagans and Herders: A Re-Examination of the Negev Runoff Cultivation Systems 124
‡¯ · Ï˘ ¯˜ÁÓ ÏÚ .in the Byzantine and Early Arab Periods, Sde Boqer 1991, pp. 54–56
˙ÂȇϘÁ‰ ˙ÂίÚӉ ÌȯÎÒ‰ ˙Ó˜‰ ˙È˘‡¯ ˙‡ ÒÁÈÈÓ Ô˯‚Ó‡· .1995 ,ÒÂ٠ψ‡ ˙¯Â˜È·

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