Page 174 - HỘI THẢO KHOA HOC 18.5.2022

Increasing the pace of action

Countries emphasised the importance of taking action “during this critical decade,” during
which carbon dioxide emissions must be reduced by 45 per cent to achieve net-zero emissions by
the middle of the century. However, because current climate plans – known as Nationally
Determined Contributions – fall far short of the level of ambition required, the Glasgow Climate
Pact calls on all nations to submit stronger national action plans next year, rather than in 2025, as
was initially planned. Countries also called for the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change to publish an annual NDC Synthesis Report to assess the current level of
ambition.

Making the transition away from fossil fuels

Countries eventually agreed to a provision calling for a phase-down of coal power and a phase-
out of “inefficient” fossil fuel subsidies – two key issues that had never been explicitly mentioned
in decisions of UN climate talks before, despite coal, oil, and gas being the primary drivers of
global warming. The provision was perhaps the most contested decision reached in Glasgow. As
a result, many countries and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) expressed concern with the
language on coal, which was drastically lowered (from phase-out to phase-down) and hence not
as ambitious as possible.

Providing results in the area of climate financing

The developed countries arrived in Glasgow, having fallen short of their promise to provide
US$100 billion per year in aid to underdeveloped nations. Although it expresses “regret,” the
Glasgow result confirms the pledge and calls on rich countries to fully deliver on the US$100
billion aim as soon as possible. Following the publication of a report, developed countries
expressed confidence that the aim would be met by 2023.

Increasing the level of support for adaption

The Glasgow Pact calls for a doubling of financial resources to assist developing nations in
adapting to the effects of climate change and increasing resilience to these impacts. This will not
give all of the funds that poorer nations want, but it will dramatically raise the amount of money
spent on protecting lives and livelihoods, which has so far accounted for just roughly a quarter of
all climate-related expenditure (with 75 per cent going towards green technologies to mitigate
greenhouse gas emissions). Additionally, the city of Glasgow launched a work programme to
define a worldwide aim on adaptation, which would identify collective requirements and solutions

to the climate issue, which is already affecting many nations.
Completing the Paris rules and regulations

Countries have reached an agreement on the remaining concerns of the so-called Paris
rulebook, which contains the operational specifics for practically putting the Paris Agreement into
effect. These include regulations governing carbon markets, allowing countries that fail to reach
their emissions targets to purchase emissions reductions from other countries that have already
exceeded their limits. Negotiations were also completed on an Enhanced Transparency

Framework, which establishes standard timeframes and agreed-upon formats for countries to

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