Page 266 - Jurnal Penelitian MTsN 6 Jakarta

ABSTRACT

The rapid development of digital technology over the past two decades
has triggered a major transformation in urban transportation systems
through the emergence of online ride-hailing services such as Gojek, Grab,
and Maxim. Although these services offer time efficiency and ease of
access, online transportation activities have led to significant
environmental consequences in the form of increased carbon dioxide (CO₂)
emissions, which contribute to urban climate change. According to data
from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK, 2023), the
transportation sector accounts for approximately 27% of total national
carbon emissions, with the majority originating from fossil fuel-powered
motor vehicles. This study aims to analyze the level of carbon emissions
produced by online transportation activities in Jakarta, Depok, and Bogor;
to identify the factors contributing to emission increases; to assess their
impact on urban climate change; and to formulate mitigation strategies
toward sustainable online transportation. The research employed a
quantitative descriptive approach supported by inferential analysis. Data
were collected through surveys involving 400 respondents (drivers and
users of online transportation), field observations, and secondary data
obtained from KLHK, the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), and the
Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics Agency (BMKG). Multiple linear
regression analysis was used to examine the effects of distance traveled,
vehicle type, and operating time on total carbon emissions. The results
indicate that two-wheeled vehicles emit an average of 80.85 g CO₂/km,
while four-wheeled vehicles produce 196.35 g CO₂/km. Vehicle type was
found to be the most dominant variable influencing emissions (β = 0.825; p
< 0.001), followed by distance traveled and operating time. The total
emissions from online transportation activities in the three cities amount to
approximately 3.24 tons of CO₂ per day. This increase in emissions
contributes to a rise in urban microclimate temperature (urban heat island)
by about 0.5–1.2°C per decade.The study concludes by recommending
several mitigation strategies, including the electrification of online
transportation fleets, the implementation of AI-based route optimization
algorithms, green incentive programs for environmentally friendly drivers,
and the integration of digital transportation policies within Indonesia’s Net
Zero Emission 2060 agenda.

Keywords: carbon emissions, online transportation, urban sustainability,
electric vehicles.

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