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1.2 Related Works

Scientists about over the world search to develop a technology for solar desalination
plants because Scientists expect water scarcity to become more common in large
part. Scientists are trying to make plants more efficient and faster than the
conventional ones. in chapter1 we talk about related works in this field we mention
companies and scientists who make a new technology in this field. The studies that
were conducted aim to increase the efficiency of the desalination process by using
techniques that improve the performance of reverse osmosis and new technology
such as graphene and forward osmosis units and the factors affecting them

1.2.1 Graphene Oxide in Seawater Desalination

Recently a group of Manchester sciences institute of science and technology from
the University of Manchester works in graphene and graphene oxide for distillate
seawater, atypical Ro membrane can remove 90 to 95 percent of salt whereas a
graphene oxide-based membrane can remove up to 97 percent of salt. A graphene
oxide membrane due to its high tensile strength and higher affinity to water is a
perfect candidate for desalination. In Ro plants, we need to reverse naturally
occurring processes using external energy, therefore, electrical energy required for
pumps account for approximately 44 percent of Ro plants total cost, the graphene
oxide method on other hand naturally occurring filtration process [4].

1.2.2 Adsorption desalination by using silica Gel

Professor Kim Chun has developed a process that combines adsorption desalination
(AD) and multi-stage distillation (MED) desalination to enhance the thermal
reaction and name it "MEDAD", which has got a big increase in water production
performance compared to conventional MSF. He said, "The adsorption desalination
cycle was combined with the desalination by multi-stage distillation to enhance the
production of desalinated water, and this idea was behind the establishment of the
independent MEDAD Company in 2012." silica gel plays in the desalination process
as an absorber of water vapor from salty water after it was heated when it's fully
absorbed it's heated using low heat to transfer the desalinated water before
recondensed in the vessel this technique double the water production. [5]

1.2.3 Thermal desalination using a non-boiling bubble column

Taylor and Francis make a big effort by using an uncommon property of seawater,
which is its ability to inhibit air bubble coalescence, which has been used in water
desalination as a new method in this field. by this method that captured the vapor
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