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Modern Geomatics Technologies and Applications

different areas, material, framework, age and maintenance, shape, as well as walls and height of the buildings are
highly important in estimating the amount of destruction of buildings [1]. Collecting data from previous
earthquakes' damages and developing a vulnerability function based on local experience are the most important
part of estimating damages in buildings in case of happening of future earthquakes. This research used
vulnerability function provided in the JICA project [22]. During the JICA project, the vulnerability of buildings
was calculated based on the damages resulted for different types of buildings in past Iranian earthquakes as well
as the intensity of the earthquake at the buildings' locations [6, 22]. Fig. 3 shows the sensitivity functions for
different types of buildings.

Fig. 3. vulnerability curves for different types of buildings (9)
One of the most important aspects of the earthquake response is population vulnerability [1]. It has always
been difficult to estimate human casualties, and the number of people killed in various earthquakes varies greatly.
On the other hand, the data collected about human casualties in previous earthquakes were paltry. On the basis of
recorded statistics, several factors can cause casualties, including direct and indirect causes of earthquakes [1].
After the Bam earthquake, the JICA project also predicted human vulnerability to earthquakes [22]. In this study,
the number of human casualties for each building block was determined separately by taking into account the
amount of damage resulted for the buildings and its population. The number of dead and injured individuals in
each building are obtained according to below equations (Eq. 4).
−0.073 1.040 0.650 ℎ
[ ] = ( )[ 0.071 0.047 0.062] [ ] (4)
1.001 −0.087 0.289 +
The number of human casualties obtained from this method will be reasonably close to reality; however it
cannot cover all casualties, because human casualties in addition to the destruction of buildings can be due to
secondary causes of earthquakes such as fire, disease, destruction of large structures, and many other factors [11].
In this research, only the factor of buildings' destruction, which is the most important factor, was calculated.

3.3. Simulating agents and evaluating different scenarios of aid workers

The outputs of the previous two sections will specify the environment. The main objective of simulated system
is rescuing victims, reducing delays, and minimizing the number of dead victims. Simulated agents in the
environment include victims, search, rescue, medical, hospital, and central agents. CNP method is used to assign
tasks between agents, which has been one of the most popular and widely used methods of assigning tasks between
agents. Tasks allocation by CNP is implemented in four steps: tasks recognition, tasks announcement, receive
offers and allocate tasks [12]. Search, Rescue, and Medical agents are perceptive and have cognitive intelligence
which enables them to understand their environment according to a structured representation. Each of the simulated
agents has the following characteristics:
Victims: Victims are modeled as reactive agents with a continuously evolving degree of health gravity which
is a function of the environmental properties of the victim’s location. Over time, their vital signs diminish.

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