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3) Games and simulations to provide opportunities to use newly
learned knowledge; and

4) A data source allows students to access the data structure
through an externally determined data access protocol.
Computer technology, both in the form of hardware and software,

usually has the following characteristics:
1) Can be used randomly, in addition to linear

2) Can be used according to the learner's wishes, in addition to
the way the developer designs.
3) Ideas are usually expressed abstractly using words, symbols, or

graphics.
4) Cognitive science principles are applied during the

development
5) Learning can be learner-centred with a high level of
interactivity.

d. Integrated Technology
Integrated Technology is a way to produce and deliver materials by
combining several types of computer-controlled media. The specialty

displayed by this technology, especially using a computer with high
specifications, is the existence of high learner interactivity with various
learning resources.

Learning with this integrated technology has the following
characteristics:

1) Can be used randomly, in addition to linear
2) Can be used according to the learner's wishes, in addition to
the way the developer designs.

3) Ideas are often presented realistically in the context of the
learner's experience, relevant to the learner's condition, and

under the learner's control.
4) The principles of cognitive science and constructivism are
applied in the development and utilization of learning materials