Page 70 - TEACHING MEDIA 101

66

cognitive theory, learning does not only involve the relationship between
stimulus and response. Still, a change in perception and understanding

cannot always be seen as visible behaviour. This theory also argues that
parts of a situation are interconnected with the entire context of the
problem. This theory argues that learning is an internal process that

includes memory, retention, information processing, emotion, and other
psychological aspects. This theory attaches great importance to students'

freedom and active involvement in learning activities so that learning is
more meaningful for students. To attract interest and increase student
retention of teaching materials, it is necessary to link new knowledge with

the cognitive structure that students already have (Budiningsih, 2005: 34-
51). The constructivist theory states that learning is an effort to give

students their experience through assimilation and accommodation,
leading to the formation of their cognitive structure. Thus, learning is
endeavoured to create conditions for optimally forming cognitive

structures in students (Budiningsih, 2005: 64).
According to the view of the humanistic theory, the learning
process must be initiated and aimed at the interests of humanizing humans

themselves. For this reason, any learning theory can be utilized as long as
it can optimally achieve the goals of self-actualization, self-understanding,
and student self-realization. All components of education, including

educational purposes, are directed at the formation of ideal human beings,
namely humans who can achieve self-actualization, so the emotional

experience and unique characteristics of students in learning need to be
paid attention to the teacher (Budiningsih, 2005: 68-76) According to
cybernetic theory, learning is processing information. Although similar to

cognitive theory, this theory is very concerned with information systems
that will determine the process. Another assumption of this theory is that

no single approach is ideal for all situations and students. According to
this theory, the process of processing information in memory occurs
sequentially, starting from encoding information (encoding), and storing