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456 16 Writing Proposals

figure 16.6 task
schedule as a Finalize the design Produce the diagrams
network diagram 4 2 10 Activity
a network diagram
provides more useful
information than either a 1 Research the HVAC systems 3 Lease the equipment 7 Install the system
table or a bar chart. 15 4 6
Develop the Select the Establish work
team plan 4 team leader 6 procedures
5 Hire 3 Train 7
workers workers Approximate length
6 5 7 of time (in days)

begin. However, even a relatively simple network diagram, such as the one
shown in Figure 16.6, can be difficult to read. You would probably not use this
type of diagram in a document intended for general readers.

Description of Evaluation Techniques Although evaluation can mean differ-
ent things to different people, an evaluation technique typically refers to any
procedure used to determine whether the proposed program is both effective
and efficient. Evaluation techniques can range from simple progress reports
to sophisticated statistical analyses. Some proposals call for evaluation by an
outside agent, such as a consultant, a testing laboratory, or a university. Other
proposals describe evaluation techniques that the supplier will perform, such
as cost-benefit analyses.
The issue of evaluation is complicated by the fact that some people think
in terms of quantitative evaluations — tests of measurable quantities, such as
production increases — whereas others think in terms of qualitative evalua-
tions — tests of whether a proposed program is improving, say, the workman-
ship of a product. And some people include both qualitative and quantitative
testing when they refer to evaluation. An additional complication is that
projects can be tested while they are being carried out ( formative evaluations)
as well as after they have been completed (summative evaluations).
When an RFP calls for “evaluation,” experienced proposal writers contact
the prospective customer’s representatives to determine precisely what the
word means.

saMPle internal ProPosal

The following example of an internal proposal has been formatted as a memo
rather than as a formal proposal (Elkins & Carruthers, 2011). (See Chapter 17,
pages 475–82, for the progress report written after this project was under way
and Chapter 19, pages 532–58, for the recommendation report.)

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