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lfl;t;1fiM1f!1;• --- --------------------- ----------- - ----
• go has two past participles, been and gone. We often use
- Present Perfect for giving news with
been to mean 'go and come back', and gone to mean 'go, but
just, yet and already 11A p87 not come back yet'. Compare these two sentences:
• We use the Present Perfect for giving news about things that He's just been to the shops. (He's back home now.)
happened in the past and are connected to the present. We He's just gone to the shops. (He's at the shops now.)
don't know or don't say when they happened: He's had a car • We can use the Present Perfect with this morning, this
accident. Carrie's lost her job! afternoon, etc. when it is still that time of day:
• We use the Past Simple if we say when something happened: I've seen him this morning. (It is still morning.)
He did some work for us last month. I saw him this morning. (It is now afternoon.)
• We use just to say something happened very recently: I've
just heard that Rob's in hospital. lllJ Relative clauses with who, which, that
• We use yet to say something hasn't happened, but we think it and where 118 p89
will happen in the future: I haven't heard all the details yet. • We use relative clauses to say which person/thing/place we
• We use already to say something happened before now are talking about.
(often sooner than expected): He's already had an operation. • To introduce relative clauses we use:
• We usually use just and already in positive sentences. These a who or that for people.
words go between the auxiliary and the past participle: He's the man who/that was murdered.
George Webster's just phoned. She's already started looking b which or that for things.
for another one. Her marriage is the only thing which/that makes
• We usually use yet in negative sentences and questions. Yet her happy.
usually goes at the end of the sentence or clause: I haven't c where for places.
been to visit him yet. Have you transferred the money to his That's the place where thev found the body.
account yet?
TIPS• We usually use who for people (but that is also correct):
TIPS• For how to make the Past Simple, see H@&lfi@fj•. You probably know everyone who lives in the village.
• For how to make the Present Perfect, see ld;f+1M~f!1;18fl,1 1 if>. • We usually use that for things (but which is also correct): And
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• In American English we often use the Past Simple with just, yet they never found the money that was stolen.
and already: Did you do it yet? (US)= Have you done it yet? (UK). • We don't use what in relative clauses: He's the man that I told
you about. not /=Io's the man what/ toldy'Ou about.
l;)ijl~IM;)l1t ------------------- ---------------------
TIPS• To respond to a sentence in the Present Simple or
- Echo questions 110 p92
Past Simple, we use do/don't, does/doesn't or did/didn't in
• We use echo questions (Didn't you? Has she?, etc.) when we the echo question:
are interested or surprised. A I work for the BBC. B Do you?
• We usually use the auxiliary in echo questions: A He lives in a lighthouse. B Does he?
A She's just had twins! B Has she? not Has she had? A They bought a new house last week. B Did they?
• We only use subject pronouns in echo questions: A I don't get up until midday. B Don't you?
A Steve doesn't want the job. B Doesn't he? not • To respond to a sentence in the Present Perfect, we use
Doesn't Ste~'<J? have/haven't or has/hasn't in the echo question:
• If the sentence is positive, the echo question is positive: A They've just got engaged. B Have they?
•
A I'm going to Berlin for the weekend. B Are you? • To respond to a sentence with the verb be, we use am,
• If the sentence is negative, the echo question is negative: is/isn't or are/aren't in the echo question:
•
A I didn't go to bed till 3 a.m. B Didn't you? A It's over thirty years old. B Is it?
• We say Aren't I? not Amn't /?:
A You aren't in this class. B Aren't I?
• We can also make echo questions with other verb forms:
A I was really ii/ last week. B Were you?
A Mark can't drive very well. B Can't he?
A My parents haven't got a TV. B Haven't they?, etc .
•
