Page 71 - EVOLUTION OF THE SUDAN PEOPLE’S LIBERATION MOVEMENT(SPLM),

political experience to oversee the political transition and at the same time undertake economic
and social transformation. The political rivalry between General Salva Kiir and Riek Machar
resurfaced just as the transition period was underway except that it did not openly explode into

open conflict until its maturity in December 15th 2013. Continuous rivalry between General
Salva Kiir and Riek Machar took the center stage as SPLM navigated crisis after the other
culminating in arms violence in Juba in 2013 and 2016 during the implementation process of the
IGAD’s Agreement for Resolution of Conflict in South Sudan, ARCSS.

The path towards the implementation of the CPA was riddled with a number of hurdles. There

were those who argued that the peace process was flawed and had a number of weaknesses while
others argued that CPA addressed the core problems of the Sudan civil war. Rigalo and Morrison
(2007) observes that the CPA did not address the underlying causes of the conflict because among
other factors did not possess proper mechanisms to ensure implementation of CPA. Furthermore,
it excluded other armed and political organizations from the negotiations including organs of the

civil society. The fact that it did not present solution to the political and legal inequality between
the North and South raised doubts about its implementation. Finally, there was no enforcement
plan in case of non-adherence to the protocols. The question of the status of Border States in

South Kordofan, Abyei’s Ngok Dinka, the Nuba Mountains and South Blue Nile, added new
dimension into the process.

The implementation of the process did not consider an affirmative schedule, committing
the National Congress Party, NCP, and SPLM, but the parties instead, remained immovable
and bettered in a poorly managed administration, lack of communications, absence of basic

infrastructure, lack of funds and natural disasters among others. However, the SPLM government
was expected to develop legislation and state machinery to implement the CPA. The formulation
of foreign policy and ministry, decentralization, adoption of the interim constitution and creation
of security agencies were essential ingredients of success. The government in a nutshell had to
have a base in Juba before establishment across the country in diverse forms. The legislative

power and planning for delivery of services such as education, health, welfare and reconstruction
of the South Sudan was a factor in harvesting peace dividends and reconstruction of the south as
a whole.

5.2.2 Government policy formulation

The government had to formulate and implement policies through legislation; presidential
decrees together with identity programs that could enable the government acquire legitimacy and

connect with the local people. Education, agriculture and infrastructure development policies
are relevant because it was through education that the government would lower the levels of
illiteracy. Land was communally owned and a symbol of collective identity.

The question of policy formulation and implementation was discussed at the second SPLM national
convention in 2008. The purpose of the convention was to put forward clear post war vision

and ideology for the party. The promotion of civic ideology over militarism was highlighted.
Leadership squabbles and differences over New Sudan and South Sudan independence resurfaced

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