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SOME, ANY, MUCH, MANY
• We usually use some in positive sentences: I've found some
coffee.
• We usually use any in negative sentences and questions:
subject There isn't any sugar. Is there any milk?

by earthquakes under • We don't usually use much or many in positive sentences:
passive
the ocean. There's a lot of stuff here. not There's much stuff here.
I've got lots of old books. not I've got many old boof(S.
• In active sentences the focus is on the person or thing
doing the action (earthquakes under the ocean). In passive TIPS • We use some and any with plural countable nouns
sentences the focus is on the result of the action (tsunamis). (biscuits, beans, etc.) and uncountable nouns (pasta, milk, etc.).
• In passive sentences we can use 'by + the agent ' to say • We often use some in questions with Would you like ... ?:
what or who does the action. Would you like some coffee?
• We often use the passive when we are more interested in
what happens to someone or something than in who or what 1;1fr1l@•rn•·• - ---------------
did the action: Droughts often happen because all the trees
have been cut down. m Warnings and advice 80 p68
• We make the passive with: subject + be + past participle • We give warnings when we think something might be dangerous.

verb form be past participle asking for advice
Present Simple am/are/is caused Could you give me some advice? • •
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What (else) do you think we should take with us?
Present Continuous am/are/is being caused • • •
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What should we do 1f we get lost?
Present Perfect Simple have/has been cut down Do you thi nk it's a go•od ide•a to tell someone
Past Simple was/were killed where we're going?
be going to am/are/is going to be hit giving advice
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will will be flooded If I were you, I'd buy a new tent.
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Make sure you take plenty of warm clothes.
. . . ..
can can be caused
It's a go•od ide•a to take some waterproof clothing
• We make negative passive sentences by using the negative m case 1t rains.
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form of be: it isn't caused, they haven't been cut down, etc. Don't forget to take a map.
It's worth taking a compass, just in case.
TIP • We can use other modal verbs (could, must, should, etc.) • • • • • • •
You'd better take a torch 1n case you have to walk
in passive verb forms: Many people could be made homeless.
in the dark.
giving warnings
m Quantifiers 88 · p65 • • • • • •
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Don't wear new boots or else J'OU'll get blisters.
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quantity plural countable nouns uncountable nouns Whatever you do, don't lose sight of each other.
(bottles, tins, etc.) (rubbish, stuff, etc.) Be careful when you're crossing ri vers.
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Watch out for wolves.
not any not any
nothing
no no responding to advice or warnings
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not many not much That's really useful, thanks. • •
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hardly any a bit of That's a aood idea. I hadn't thought of that.
a small quantity
several hardly any Right, thanks. That's really helpful.
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a few a little That sounds like good advice.
a lot of/lots of a lot of/lots of • After If I were you, I'd .. . and You'd better ... (=you had better)
a large quantity loads of loads of we use the infinitive: If I were you, I'd buy a new tent. You'd
plenty of plenty of better take a torch.
more than we want too many too much • After It's a good idea ... and Don't forget ... we use the
less than we want not enough not enough infinitive with to: It's a good idea to take some waterproof
clothing. Don't forget to take a map.
the correct quantity enough enough
• After It's worth ... , we use verb+ing: It's worth taking a compass.
• Not many, hardly any and not much have a negative
• After Whatever you do, ... we use the imperative (usually
meaning. Several, a few, a bit of and a little have a positive
meaning. Several is usually more than a few. the negative imperative): Whatever you do, don't lose sight of
each other.
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