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¢yÓ˚ò §yÌ# •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ 2020

~çyï˛#Î˚ xfl∫!hflÏܲÓ˚ ≤ß¿ˆÏܲ Î!òG çyï˛#Î˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆòy•y•z ˆ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ◊!Ùܲ G Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚
ôyÙyã˛y˛õy !òˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓl– ~шÏòÓ˚ Î%!_´ •°ñ ÚxyˆÏà xyÙÓ˚y !ÓˆÏò¢# §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò#ñ §yÙhs˝Óyò# G ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˆ¢y£ÏîÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#
¢y§l ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%!_´ ˛õy•zÛú ~ çyˆÏï˛Ó˚ !•ˆÏ§Ó# Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !Óã˛«˛î xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚– !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ◊!ÙܲÈüÈxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤’yÓlˆÏܲ
í˛z!_´ í˛zFã˛ˆÏ◊î#Ó˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤âǧy ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ò!Ó˚o hflÏ∏˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ 31çl ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ G ÓyÙ˛õsi#ˆÏܲ ˆ@˝ÃÆyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
Ü,˛£Ïܲñ Ùç%Ó˚ xyç «%˛ôyÎ˚ çç≈!Ó˚ï˛– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Î!ò °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚y Ù#Ó˚yê˛ £Ïí˛¸Îsf ÙyÙ°y å1929ÈüÈ33ä xyç •z!ï˛•y§–
ÙÎ˚òyˆÏl ˆê˛ˆÏl xylˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ÈüüüÈ ˆ§•z °í˛¸y•zˆÏܲ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lï˛ƒ 1934 §yˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏܲ !Ó !ê˛¢ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !l!£Ïk˛
ç#ÓlÈüÈôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Úã˛y£Ï#Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ày¶˛#!çÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc xy•zl xÙylƒ
ç!Ù xyÓ˚ Ùç%ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏá Ó˚&!ê˛ÛÈüüüÈ ~•z ˆfl‘yàyˆÏl•z Ó,•_Ó˚ çl§yôyÓ˚î xyˆÏ®y°l å1930ä ~ÓÇ 1942 §yˆÏ° ˲yÓ˚ï˛ SÈyí˛¸ xyˆÏ®y°l
§ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xy˛õl fl∫yÌ≈Ó˚«˛yÓ˚ ï˛y!àˆÏò °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚ ˆlˆÏÙ !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ G §ÙܲyˆÏ° !Ó !ê˛¢ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚
xy§ˆÏï˛ í˛zm%k˛ •ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ çyï˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ •*òܲ¡õ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° §ˆÏ®• ˆl•z– xyçˆÏܲ ÎyÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ e´Ù¢/ ˆ◊î#ÈüÈÓ˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ !˲!_ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ¢y§l «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ ~•z !ÓhflÏ#î≈ §ÙÎ˚ܲyˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !SÈ°
≤ÃÌÙ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ §Ùy!ÆÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÈüÈÓ˚«˛y xy•zl §¡õ)î≈ï˛/ !Ó !ê˛¢ §•ˆÏÎyà#Ó˚– ~•z !•®%cÓyò#Ó˚y åRSS ÎyÓ˚
çy!Ó˚ Ó˚yáy ~ÓÇ Ó˚yG°yê˛ xy•zl ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ùä ~•z §ÙÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ §ˆÏD
fl∫yô#lï˛yܲyÙ# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ àîÈüÈxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ !Ó !ê˛¢ ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§âyï˛Ü˛ï˛y•z ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ°– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲçlˆÏܲG !Ó !ê˛¢
xyï˛ˆÏB˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÙyî !SÈ°– ≤Ãôylï˛ ˆòˆÏ¢ â!lˆÏÎ˚ xy§y !Ó≤’ÓÓyò# ˛õ%!°¢ ܲyÓ˚yÓ˚&k˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏá!l– ˛õ«˛yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ G xlƒylƒ
xyˆÏ®y°lˆÏܲ åÙˆÏflÒyÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ÓyÙ˛õsi#ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆç°áyly=ˆÏ°y ˲ˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– 1936
á%Ó•z §!e´Î˚ !SÈ°ä !˛õˆÏ£Ï ÙyÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ü˛° xy•zlàï˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ xÓ°¡∫l §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ §%˲y£Ïã˛w Ó§%ñ çG•Ó˚°y° ˆl•Ó˚&ñ !˛õÉ!§ÉˆÎy¢#
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ~•z xy•zl ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ •ˆÏ°ñ !ã˛_Ó˚Ol òy¢ñ ày¶˛# ≤ÃÙ%á ≤ÃÙ%ˆÏáÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc ˆò¢Óƒy˛õ# ~ܲ ÓyÙ˛õsi# §Ç•!ï˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚
xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z xl%Ë˛Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ˲yÓ˚ï˛Óy§# ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xlƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xyd≤Ãܲy¢ âˆÏê˛!SÈ°– !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùï˛˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ÌyܲˆÏ°G
xyÓ˚ ÙyÌy ï%˛ˆÏ° òÑyí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ~•z xy•zˆÏlÓ˚ xyGï˛yÎ˚ §%˲y£Ïã˛wÈüÈÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õÜ≈˛
ˆÎ§Ó ˆÙyܲjÙy xy§ˆÏÓ ˆ§=!° á%Ó o&ï˛ !l‹õ!_ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓñ !SÈ° ΈÏÌ‹T §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛– 1945ÈüÈ46 §yˆÏ° !mï˛#Î˚
ˆòy£Ï# §yÓƒhflÏ •ˆÏ° xy˛õ#° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!ôܲyÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ ly– !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ xÓ§yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆlï˛y!çÓ˚ xyçyò !•® ˆÊ˛ÔˆÏçÓ˚ Ó®#
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fliyˆÏl Îál á%!¢ xl%§¶˛yl ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓl– ˆ§lyl#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%!_´Ó˚ òy!ÓˆÏï˛ñ Ó˚!§ò xy!° !òÓ§ ˛õy°ˆÏl G
§ˆÏ®•çlܲ Óƒ!_´ˆÏܲ !Óly ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚ylyÎ˚ ˆ@˝ÃÆyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˆlÔÈüÈ!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ §ÙÌ≈ˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ ˆï˛y°˛õyí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°!SÈ°ñ
!lSÈܲ §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏܲ ˆ@˝ÃÊ˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yñ ç!Ó˚Ùyly Óy x!˲Î%_´ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˛õˆÏÌ Ó˚_´ V˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ G xlƒylƒ
x!l!ò≈‹TܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ xyê˛Ü˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yG ≤ÃyˆÏò!¢Ü˛ ÓyÙ˛õsi#ÈüȈ§y§ƒy!°fiê˛Ó˚y– 1946ÈüÈ47 !SÈ° ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚=!°ˆÏܲ ≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– Ó˚yçˆÏoy•Ù)°Ü˛ §y!•ï˛ƒ §ˆÏÙï˛ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc ˆï˛Ë˛yày xyˆÏ®y°l G ˆï˛ˆÏ°Dyly Ü,˛£Ïܲ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚
ôÓ˚y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° Óy ~Ùl §y!•ï˛ƒ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty •ˆÏ° ¢y!hflÏ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ˆoy•Ü˛y°– •yÎ˚oyÓyòˆÏܲ !lçyÙ¢y•#Ó˚ ܲӰÙ%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
§◊Ù Ü˛yÓ˚yòˆÏ[˛ ò![˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ≤Ãy¢y§lˆÏܲ– xhs˝Ë≈%˛_´ ܲÓ˚yñ ˛õï≈%˛à#çˆÏòÓ˚ •yï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆàyÎ˚yÓ˚ Ù%!_´ÈüȧÇ@˝ÃyˆÏÙG
ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# §y«˛# •ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏ°ñ ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §%!Óôy ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ñ !ܲv ~•z §Ó •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ
≤ÃòyˆÏlÓ˚ xD#ܲyÓ˚ !SÈ°– Ó˚yçˆÏoyˆÏ• ò![˛ï˛ x˛õÓ˚yô#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù%ã˛ˆÏ°Ü˛y ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ Ó˚yáy •Î˚–
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ˚•y•z ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliyG ~áyˆÏl Ó˚yáy •Î˚– fløÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ ˆÎ §%˲y£Ïã˛w G çG•Ó˚°y° ò%ÛçˆÏl•z fl∫yô#l ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
xï˛#ˆÏï˛ §y˲yÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ~Ùl Ù%ã˛ˆÏ°Ü˛y !òˆÏÎ˚•z xy®yÙyl ˆç° ˆÌˆÏܲ xÌ≈!l!ï˛Ü˛ G çyà!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zߨ!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ fl∫≤¿ ˆòáˆÏï˛l– ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ˚y°
SÈyí˛¸y ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ÙˆÏí˛° ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe !SÈ° §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óƒy˛õܲ!˲!_ܲ àîÈüÈxyˆÏ®y°l ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˛õMÈ˛Óy!£Ï≈ܲ# ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly– §%˲y£Ïã˛w Ó§% Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚ §Ë˛y˛õ!ï˛
Ó˚yG°yê˛ §ï˛ƒy@˝Ã•ñ xÙ,ï˛§ˆÏÓ˚ çy!°Î˚ylGÎ˚y°yÓyˆÏàÓ˚ l,¢Ç§ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !°ˆÏá!SȈϰl ÈüüüÈ !ï˛!l !l!Ÿã˛ï˛ ˆÎñ
àî•ï˛ƒyܲy[˛ G ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÎ˚– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛Ó˚Ù˛õsi# ˲yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ fl∫yô#l •ˆÏÓ !ܲv ˆò¢ fl∫yô#l •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï˛y ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ
G §¢flf !Ó≤’ÓÓyò# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ 1930ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢Ü˛ ã˛°y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l ˲y!Óï˛– !ï˛!l ˆ°ˆÏálñ xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò

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