Page 1044 - Veterinary Toxicology, Basic and Clinical Principles, 3rd Edition

976 SECTION | XIV Poisonous Plants

VetBooks.ir TABLE 68.3 Summary of Selected Studies on the Effects of Gossypol on Male Reproduction

Species
Gossypol
Dose Effects Reference
Hamster 10 mg/kg/day Spermatocyte degeneration Hahn D.W., Rusticus C., Probst A. (1981)
Antifertility and endocrine activities of gossypol in
Rat 20 mg/kg/day Spermatocyte degeneration
rodents. Contraception. 24: 97 105
Rat 25 mg/kg/day Reduced spermatogenesis1 Sertoli cell and Heywood R., Lloyd G.K., Majeed S.K., Gopinath C.
seminiferous tubule damage (1986) The toxicity of gossypol to the male rat.
Toxicology. 40: 279 284
Rat 10 mg/kg/day Seminiferous tubule damage, reduced serum Ga ˚fvels M., Wang J., Bergh A., et al. (1984) Toxic
testosterone, prostatic and seminal vesicle effects of the antifertility agent gossypol in male rats.
involution Toxicology. 32: 325 333
Rat 5 20 mg/kg/ Decreased sperm count, decreased sperm El-Sharaky A.S., Newairy AA, Elguindy NM, Elwafa
day motility, increased abnormal sperm count, AA. (2010) Spermatotoxicity, biochemical changes,
reduced serum testosterone, LH and FSH and histological alteration induced by gossypol in
testicular and hepatic tissues of male rats. Fd Chem
Toxicol. 48: 3354 3361
Sheep 0.5 mg/kg/day No adverse effects on semen volume, sperm Nunes F.D.C.R., de Araujo D.A.F.V., Bezerra M.B.,
for 20 days concentration, motility and morphology Soto-Blanco B. (2010) Effects of gossypol present in
cottonseed cake on the spermatogenesis of goats. f
Anim Vet Adv.9:75 78
Goat Guedes F.C.B., Soto-Blanco B. (2010) Sperm quality
of sheep fed cottonseed cake. Acta Scientiae
Veterinariae. 38: 415 418
Cattle 16.4 mg/kg/day Decreased sperm production, reduced sperm Chenoweth P.J., Risco C.A., Larsen R.E., et al.
motility, increased sperm mid-piece (1994) Effects of dietary gossypol on aspects of
abnormalities semen quality, sperm morphology and sperm
production in young Brahman bulls.
Theriogenology. 42:1 13
Cattle 8 mg/kg/day Primary and secondary sperm abnormalities, Hassan M.E., Smith G.W., Ott R.S., et al. (2004)
increased number of sperm with proximal Reversibility of the reproductive toxicity of gossypol
droplets in peripubertal bulls. Theriogenology. 61:
1171 1179

intensifies with increasing gossypol intake and with egg 2012). After inoculation with Brucella abortus smooth
cold storage. strain 99 (S99), specific anti-Brucella antibody production
The second concern is associated with cottonseed was impaired in lambs (Nagalakshmi et al., 2001) and
meals containing more than 0.5% 1% residual oil. These calves (Pattanaik et al., 2003) fed cottonseed meal.
meals typically contain cyclopropenoid fatty acids result
in a pink discoloration of the albumen, particularly in
stored eggs. DIAGNOSIS

Diagnosis of gossypol poisoning is typically based on a
history of long-term exposure to cottonseed products, the
Immunotoxicity
presence of the clinical toxidromes, and determination of
Immunotoxicity has been demonstrated in several species. free gossypol levels in food. Reduction in plasma iron has
In rodents, gossypol inhibits lymphocyte mitogenesis and been used as a biomarker of possible gossypol toxicity
induces lymphocyte apoptosis (Quintana et al., 2000; Xu in broiler chicks fed extruded cottonseed meal (Henry
et al., 2009). Lymphoid depletion in thymus, mesenteric et al., 2001).
lymph nodes, and spleen has been noted in mice and these Feed gossypol levels of concern are: (1) .100 mg/kg
effects correlated with reduced humoral responses to (100 ppm) of feed in the diet of pigs or young ruminants
T-cell dependent antigens (Sein, 1986; Sijun et al., ,4 mo old; (2) .1000 ppm for adult ruminants; (3)